Terms : Hide Images
| 5138306914 | Clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants | 0 | |
| 5138311761 | Cladistics | Cladistics An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called "clades" based primarily on common descent | 1 | |
| 5138315366 | Cladogram | a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species | 2 | |
| 5138325997 | Phylogeny | Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or group of species | 3 | |
| 5138333704 | Phylogenetic Tree | A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary tree of a group of organisms | 4 | |
| 5138340331 | Derived Character | An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade Ex.) birds' feathers | 5 | |
| 5138346788 | Monophyletic | "Single tribe"; a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants; equivalent to a clade |  | 6 |
| 5138346789 | Polyphyletic | "Many tribes"; a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors |  | 7 |
| 5138346790 | Paraphyletic | "Beside the tribe"; a group of taxa that consist of a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants |  | 8 |
| 5138378712 | Maximum Parsiomony | A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts Ex. For phylogenies based on DNA, the tree that matches most with this principle requires the fewest base changes | 9 | |
| 5138383920 | Homoplasy | Analogous structures that arose independently | 10 | |
| 5138383921 | Homology | structures that originated from a common ancestor and have since adapted | 11 | |
| 5138383922 | Outgroup | A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied; Its selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other | 12 | |
| 5138413077 | Analagous | structures that perform a similar function but have a different evolutionary origin, such as the wings of insects and birds. | 13 | |
| 5138413078 | Homologous | similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function | 14 | |
| 5138418533 | Taxonomy | Linnaeus; A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life; Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species | 15 | |
| 5138418534 | Taxon | a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit | 16 | |
| 5138421713 | Molecular Systematics | Compares DNA and amino acid sequences between organisms to determine evolutionary relationships | 17 | |
| 5138421714 | Molecular Clock | the average rate at which a species' genome accumulates mutations, used to measure their evolutionary divergence and in other calculations. | 18 | |
| 5138421715 | Kingdom/Phylum/Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species | taxonomic categories (binomial nomenclature) | 19 | |
| 5138430362 | Domain | highest taxonomic rank of organisms (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes) | 20 | |
| 5138430363 | Fungi | Kingdom: organisms w/ chitin cell walls and perform absorbtion | 21 | |
| 5138430364 | Animalia | Kingdom: multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives, organisms that ingest other organisms, lack cell walls | 22 | |
| 5138434101 | Plantae | Kingdom: organisms w/ cellulose cell walls and perform photosynthesis (plants) | 23 | |
| 5138434102 | Protista | Kingdom: contains all unicellular eukaryotes except yeast, multicellular algae | 24 | |
| 5138442531 | Bacteria | Domain (consists of prokaryotic cells possessing primarily diacyl glycerol diester lipids in their membranes and bacterial rRNA, no nuclear membrane) | 25 | |
| 5138449333 | Archaea | Domain (no nuclear membrane, prokaryote like Bacteria, but more closely related to Eukarya) | 26 | |
| 5138449334 | Eukarya | Domain (contain a membrane-bound nucleus) (this is animals and humans etc- the important one) | 27 | |
| 5138678374 | Phylogram | branch length shows evolutionary change/time | 28 | |
| 5138804133 | Properties of Life | cellular organization, sensitivity, growth (metabolism), development, reproduction, regulation, homeostasis | 29 | |
| 5138807438 | Panspermia Theory | extraterrestrial origin of life, meteors/cosmic dust brought organic molecules to earth; water on Europa, fossils on Mars indicate evidence of extraterrestrial life | 30 | |
| 5138813861 | Spontaneous Origin Theory | accepted by most scientists; life developed from inanimate objects as molecules became more complex | 31 | |
| 5138819400 | Miller-Urey Experiment (1953) | simulated conditions of Earth's early atmosphere and tried to see if an electric spark could produce molecules (found that carbon compounds and then amino acids were created) | 32 | |
| 5138838375 | RNA first Theory | life originated with a basic polymer of RNA which did the work of proteins and DNA until these molecules were produced and functioned on their own (might have started with PNA- protein nucleic acid that was able to form spontaneously and self-replicate) | 33 | |
| 5138849041 | Metabolism-first Theory | life originated with monamers contained in simple capsules similar to the cell membrane and over time some molecules performed reactions better than others->evolution | 34 | |
| 5138878224 | reducing atmosphere | availability of hydrogen allows organic molecules to form more easily, lack of oxygen allowed amino acids to last longer (normally would react w/ sugar and form CO2 in oxygen environment) | 35 |
