Photosynthesis
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| 6139685919 | photosynthesis (definition) | process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria) |  | 0 |
| 6139685920 | photosynthesis (equation) | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 1 | |
| 6139685921 | autotroph | organism that CAN capture energy from sunlight and uses CO₂ and other inorganic raw materials to produce its own food (producer) |  | 2 |
| 6139685922 | heterotroph | organism that CANNOT produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer) |  | 3 |
| 6139685923 | light-dependent reactions | 1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH |  | 4 |
| 6139685924 | light-independent reactions | 2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step |  | 5 |
| 6139685925 | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | location of light-dependent reactions | 6 | |
| 6139685926 | stroma of chloroplasts | location of light-independent reactions | 7 | |
| 6139685928 | photon | (1) quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties |  | 8 |
| 6139685931 | pigments | substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light | 9 | |
| 6139685933 | action spectrum | graph of a plant's photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light |  | 10 |
| 6139685934 | violet, blue and red | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls ABSORB? | 11 | |
| 6139685935 | green and yellow | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls REFLECT? | 12 | |
| 6139685936 | carotenoids | accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis (absorb green/blue but reflect red/yellow/orange) |  | 13 |
| 6139685937 | mesophyll | (C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis |  | 14 |
| 6139685940 | excited state | (7) when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus | | 15 |
| 6139685941 | photosystems | (6) photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane | | 16 |
| 6139685945 | photosystem II (PS II) | 1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll |  | 17 |
| 6139685946 | primary electron acceptor | (2) electrons from the reaction-center in thylakoid membranes are transferred to this molecule | | 18 |
| 6139685947 | water | splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII | 19 | |
| 6139685948 | O2 | released as a byproduct of splitting water | 20 | |
| 6139685949 | photosystem I (PS I) | 2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH |  | 21 |
| 6139685951 | ATP synthase | enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force |  | 22 |
| 6139685952 | Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation | other names for light independent reactions |  | 23 |
| 6139685953 | 3 steps of light independent reaction | 1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP |  | 24 |
| 6139685954 | reduction | step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P | 25 | |
| 6139685955 | carbon dioxide | molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar | 26 | |
| 6139685956 | thylakoids | (C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy |  | 27 |
| 6139685957 | absorbed | energy is ____________ in photosynthesis; it is an anabolic reaction | 28 | |
| 6139685958 | released | energy is _____________ in cellular respiration; it is a catabolic reaction | 29 | |
| 6139685959 | glucose and oxygen | reactants of cellular respiration | 30 | |
| 6139685960 | carbon dioxide and water | reactants of photosynthesis | 31 | |
| 6139685963 | thylakoid space | site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis | 32 | |
| 6139685966 | NADP+ | high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle) |  | 33 |
| 6139685967 | NADPH | high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC) |  | 34 |
| 6139685969 | ATP and NADPH | energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis |  | 35 |
| 6139685971 | H2O | reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons) | 36 | |
| 6139685972 | cyclic electron flow | light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH) |  | 37 |
| 6139685973 | linear electron flow (noncyclic) | light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH |  | 38 |
| 6139685974 | rubisco | enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) | 39 | |
| 6139685975 | PEP carboxylase | enzyme with great affinity for CO2 (gas) adds it to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (4-carbon solid) prior to photosynthesis | 40 | |
| 6139685976 | stomata | pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out |  | 41 |
| 6139685977 | bundle-sheath cells | tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants) |  | 42 |
| 6139685978 | photorespiration | occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars |  | 43 |
| 6139685979 | C3 plants | do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle |  | 44 |
| 6139685980 | C4 plants | spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 45 |
| 6139685981 | CAM plants | (crassulacean acid metabolism) temporal adaptation, open stomata during the night, closed during day. store organic acids made during night in vacuoles; use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 46 |
| 6139685984 | photoautotroph | plants that use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds. | 47 | |
| 6139685985 | chlorophyll | the green pigment located within chloroplasts. It absorbs light energy to drive the synthesis of food molecules in the chloroplast. |  | 48 |
| 6139685988 | stroma | thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast, surrounding thylakoids membranes. | 49 | |
| 6139685989 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O |  | 50 |
| 6139685994 | photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | 51 | |
| 6139685995 | Calvin cycle | carbon fixation using energy from ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to produce a three carbon sugar, happens in stroma. |  | 52 |
| 6139685996 | carbon fixation | incorporating CO₂ from the atmosphere into organic molecules from the chloroplast | 53 | |
| 6139685998 | RuBP | ribulose biphosphate; the molecule that CO2 binds to when entering the Calvin cycle | 54 | |
| 6139686002 | spectrometer | a machine that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 55 |
| 6139686003 | absorption spectrum | a graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength. (a) shows the absorption of each chlorophyll |  | 56 |
| 6139686004 | chlorophyll a | first type of pigment in chloroplasts, participate directly in light reactions; works best with blue and red light, blue-green | 57 | |
| 6139686005 | chlorophyll b | accessory pigment; almost identical to chlorophyll a, but slightly different absorption spectra, yellow-green | 58 | |
| 6139686011 | photosystem II | first photosystem, center is p680, takes in H₂O, splits and leaves out 1/2 O₂ and takes 2 e⁻, excites electrons and sends to primary acceptor |  | 59 |
| 6139686013 | photosystem I | takes e⁻ from ETC and excites them (uses light), gives them to primary acceptor in noncyclic, go down ETC again |  | 60 |
| 6139686014 | noncyclic electron flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+. |  | 61 |
| 6139686019 | C₃ plants | produce less food when their stomata close on hot/dry days. | 62 | |
| 6139686021 | C₄ plants | corn, sugarcane, grass. forms a four carbon sugar, contains bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. spacial separation of steps |  | 63 |
| 6139686022 | bundle-sheath cell | arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf. CO₂ is released and enters the calvin cycle | 64 | |
| 6139686023 | mesophyll cell | more loosely arranged between bundle-sheath and leaf surface. takes in CO₂, fixed by PEP carboxylase | 65 |
