AP Psychology terms taken from the Princeton Review study book. Chapter 8 - States of Consciousness
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| 5650871544 | Circadian Rhythm | A pattern or cycle followed by our bodies which follows day and night and is typically 24 hours long (sleeping during the night). | 0 | |
| 5650871545 | Free-running Rhythm | Occurs when all time cues (sunlight, clocks, TV, etc) are removed; it goes from 24 to about a 25 hour rhythm. | 1 | |
| 5650871546 | Beta Waves | These waves occur when fully awake and focused. | 2 | |
| 5650871547 | Alpha Waves | These waves occur while still awake but relaxed. | 3 | |
| 5650871548 | Theta Waves | These waves occur while drifting off to sleep. | 4 | |
| 5650871549 | Sleep Spindles | A pattern of waves which are occasionally broken up by K complexes; exist in stage 2 sleep. | 5 | |
| 5650871550 | Delta Waves | Deep sleep waves which occur in stages 3 and 4. | 6 | |
| 5650871551 | REM | Rapid Eye Movement. This is the last stage of sleep, where the eyes start to move vigorously. This stage has the most vivid dreams. Brain waves in this stage are mostly theta and beta. Since the brain waves are almost as if we are awake, it is also called paradoxical sleep. | 7 | |
| 5650871552 | REM Rebound | William Dement studied the effects of REM deprivation. He found that REM periods increased dramatically immediately following deprivation. This phenomenon is called ______, and it shows we need to REM sleep. | 8 | |
| 5650871553 | Insomnia | A lack of sleep, such as the inability to fall asleep or the inability to maintain sleep. Stress, alcohol, or stimulants like caffeine can cause insomnia. | 9 | |
| 5650871554 | Narcolepsy | The inability to stay awake. A sufferer has irresistible urges to sleep throughout the day. When they fall asleep, however, it is only for a few minutes, and it is almost all REM sleep. | 10 | |
| 5650871555 | Sleep Apnea | When a person repeatedly stops breathing while sleeping. This can occur hundreds of times in a night, which leaves the person exhausted during the day. It is related to obesity and alcohol consumption. | 11 | |
| 5650871556 | Somnambulism | Occurs when an individual walks around and sometimes talks while sleeping. It is not simply acting out dreams; it occurs during stage 3 and 4 sleep. Also known as sleepwalking. | 12 | |
| 5650871557 | Manifest Content | Storyline and imagery of the dream, is related to unconscious processes. | 13 | |
| 5650871558 | Latent Content | Emotional significance or underlying meaning of a dream. | 14 | |
| 5650871559 | Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis | This says that dreams are the result of our awareness of neural activity caused by sensory input while we are sleeping. | 15 | |
| 5650871560 | Problem-Solving Theory | Says that dreams provide a chance for the mind to work out issues in the real world. | 16 | |
| 5650871561 | Nightmare | An elaborate dream sequence that produces a high level of anxiety or fear. They may experience a sense of danger to himself or loved ones, or a strong sense of embarrassment for doing something. These are vivid and can often be elaborately described upon awakening, and they occur during REM sleep. | 17 | |
| 5650871562 | Night Terrors | Occur in deep, NREM sleep states, involving behaviors such as screaming, crying, and jerking/lunging movements while asleep. This behavior can overlap with somnambulism. | 18 | |
| 5650871563 | Hypnosis | An altered state of consciousness where a person is very relaxed and open to suggestion. They can be manipulated, can recall certain things they couldn't normally, and has no memory of the hypnosis upon returning to normal. | 19 | |
| 5650871564 | Hidden Observer | Hilgard's theory of hypnosis that says that hypnosis divides or dissociates the mind into two parts. One obeys the hypnotist, while the other (the "________________") silently observes everything. | 20 | |
| 5650871565 | Posthypnotic Suggestions | Instructions given to people when they are hypnotized to be followed after they wake. | 21 | |
| 5650871566 | Alcohol | A depressant, decreases dopamine levels. It induces dizziness, slurred speech, impaired judgment, and at high doses can result in death. | 22 | |
| 5650871567 | Barbiturates | Depressants, inhibit neural arousal centers. they depress the central nervous system activity by decreasing anxiety and increase relaxation, also impairs memory and judgement. In high doses can result in death and can be very addictive when mixed other depressants like alcohol. E.g. Seconal, Nebutal | 23 | |
| 5650871568 | Tranquilizers | Depressants, inhibit neural arousal centers. They reduce anxiety without inducing sleep. E.g. Xanax, Valium, Librium. | 24 | |
| 5650871569 | Caffeine | Stimulant, accelerates heart rate, constricts blood vessels, reduces levels of adenosine (a neurochemical regulator of norepinephrine), and can lead to irritability, anxiety, or insomnia. | 25 | |
| 5650871570 | Amphetamines | Stimulants, increase body temperature and heart rate, increase dopamine and norepinephrine production. They can be addictive, and they produce feelings of euphoria, but at high doses they can lead to motor dysfunction. E.g. Diet pills, Ritalin | 26 | |
| 5650871571 | Cocaine | Stimulant, stimulates heart rate and blood pressure, increasing dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine release as well. From the coca plant. Users feel like they have increased mental and social ability, and it can be highly addictive. Between 1896-1905 Coke Cola had cocaine in it. | 27 | |
| 5650871572 | Nicotine | A stimulant, stimulates acetylcholine transmission and increases heart rate. It has depressant behavioral effects like decreased appetite but also increases heart rate and respiration. Can sometimes cause euphoria and dizziness. | 28 | |
| 5650871573 | Narcotics | Stimulants, stimulate receptors for endogenous endorphins, inducing relaxation and euphoria and can relieve pain. May cause impaired cognitive ability, sweating, nausea, and respiratory depression. Highly addictive, only available by prescription or illegally. E.g. Heroin | 29 | |
| 5650871574 | Hallucinogens | Distort sensory perceptions, may increase serotonin levels. May induce sensory synesthesia, where stimuli from one sense produce sensory effects in other senses. Sometimes, these perceptual alterations are unpleasant or terrifying, and this state can be accompanied by paranoia. E.g. LSD and marijuana. | 30 | |
| 5650871575 | Dependence | When a person continues using a drug despite negative consequences in order to avoid unpleasant feelings of not taking it—they are in a sense avoiding symptoms of withdrawal. (Has replaced "addiction") | 31 | |
| 5650871576 | Tolerance | Occurs when increasingly larger doses of a drug are needed for the same effect to occur. It is possible for this to occur without dependence. | 32 | |
| 5650871577 | Withdrawal | The process of weaning off using a drug after dependence—it often involves very unpleasant physical/psychological symptoms. | 33 | |
| 5650871578 | Conciousness | A person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment. | 34 | |
| 5650871579 | Altered State | The state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness. | 35 | |
| 5650871580 | Circadian Rhythm | Your biological clock. Regular body rhythms, for example temperature and wakefulness that occurs over a 24 hour period. | 36 | |
| 5650871581 | Microsleeps | Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds. | 37 | |
| 5650871582 | Restorative Theory | The theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage. | 38 | |
| 5650871583 | Alpha Waves | Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep. | 39 | |
| 5650871584 | Rapid Eye Movement | A stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. | 40 | |
| 5650871585 | Night terrors | A relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully. | 41 | |
| 5650871586 | Paradoxical Sleep | Also known as REM sleep because there is a high level of brain activity. | 42 | |
| 5650871587 | Insomnia | The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep. | 43 | |
| 5650871588 | Sleep Apnea | A disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more. | 44 | |
| 5650871589 | Nacrolepsy | A sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning. | 45 | |
| 5650871590 | Hypnosis | The state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion. | 46 | |
| 5650871591 | Tolerance | When more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect. | 47 | |
| 5650871592 | Withdrawal | The physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems. | 48 | |
| 5650871593 | Psychological Dependence | The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being. | 49 | |
| 5650871594 | Stimulants | Drugs that increase(excites) the functioning of the nervous system. Speeds up. ex: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine. | 50 | |
| 5650871595 | Depressants | Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system. | 51 | |
| 5650871596 | Narcotics | A class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins. | 52 | |
| 5650871597 | Psychogenic Drugs | Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication. | 53 | |
| 5650888218 | Hypnotic induction | When the hypnotist invites you to relax and "Your eyelids are shutting so tight that you......" this may leads to hypnosis | 54 | |
| 5650923057 | dissociation | a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. | 55 | |
| 5650986855 | sleep paralysis | You are essentially paralyzed. You can not be easily awaken. | 56 | |
| 5651001615 | suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) | a pair of grain of rice sized, 10,000 cell clusters in the hypothalamus. Function: by causing the brain's pineal gland to decrease its production of the sleep inducing hormone melatonin in the morning and increase it in the evening. | 57 | |
| 5651033586 | Benefits of sleep | protection, recuperates(restore and repair brain tissue), restores & rebuilds fading memories, feeds creative thinking and supports growth. | 58 | |
| 5651063468 | Sleep deprivation causes | increase in ghrelin(hunger arousal hormone), decreases leptin(hunger suppressing hormone), obesity, suppress immune system, slower reaction time, increase in high BP, increase in arthritis, diminished memory. | 59 | |
| 5651474285 | addiction | compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (gambling) despite known adverse consequences. Addictions can be powerful and one may need therapy or group support like AA(Alcoholics Anonymous) | 60 | |
| 5651506754 | disinhibitor | May slow brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions. example: alcohol. | 61 | |
| 5651570362 | opiates | opium and its derivatives such as morphine, and heroin; they depress the neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. | 62 |
