Terms : Hide Images
| 10034730508 | Columbian Exchange | "Triangle Trade: Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in 15th-16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. |  | 0 |
| 10034730509 | Feudalism | A way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. |  | 1 |
| 10034730510 | Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |  | 2 |
| 10034730511 | Joint-Stock Companies | A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares (certificates of ownership).[1]This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of a company than others do. |  | 3 |
| 10034730512 | Encomienda System | A system in which the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. |  | 4 |
| 10034730513 | subjugate | to bring under complete control or subjection; conquer; master, enslave. |  | 5 |
| 10034730514 | Northwest Passage | The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago |  | 6 |
| 10034730515 | Bering Strait | Stretch of ocean separating North America from Asia that was, during the Ice Age, the location of a land bridge as wide as Alaska. Then, human migration was possible over the land bridge from Siberia, and human beings came across likely in pursuit of game. From this point of origin, American Indians dispersed down across the entire Western hemisphere. |  | 7 |
| 10034730516 | Iroquois | The name not of a tribe but of a confederacy of six separate tribes centered in what would become New York. Coposed of the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Tuscarora Tribes united in a military alliance against the Huron tribe located in the Great Lakes Region. |  | 8 |
| 10034730517 | Renaissance | The flowering of scholarship and individualistic, humanistic endeavor that ended the medieval period of European history. In English: "Rebirth." |  | 9 |
| 10034730518 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries, responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes. |  | 10 |
| 10034730519 | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain | Christopher Columbus' patrons; launched the Spanish Empire after hearing of his discoveries of a supposed water route to Asia. Established management precedents that cpaitalized on treasures discovered in the New World, served as a model for other European nations attempting similar exploits. |  | 11 |
| 10034730520 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar, priest and scholar that worked tirelessly throughout the sixteenth century, decrying the plight of the American Indians. |  | 12 |
| 10034730521 | Protestant Reformation | Early 16th century writings by the priest and scholar Martin Luther, focusing primarily on biblical doctrines of grace, inspired this movement. Its key doctrine: each person having an individual calling and a Christian duty to work diligently at that calling for the Glory of God. This idea became a seminal attribute of American society through the influence of Dutch, English, Swedish, Germany and French Huguenot colonists. |  | 13 |
| 10034730522 | Martin Luther | A German priest and scholar who defied Rome and launched the Protestant Reformation by contesting certain teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, beginning in 1517. |  | 14 |
| 10034730523 | John Calvin | Frenchman that began as a priest but joined the Protestant cause as a legal scholar and minister in Geneva, Switzerland. Wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion, emphasizing the sovereignty of God in salvation. His student, John Knox, formed the Scottish Presbyterian Church brought to the shores of America by Scots-Irish immigrants. The Puritans were also Calvinist in doctrine and were the founders of Congregational Churches in New England. |  | 15 |
| 10034730524 | Henry VIII of England | Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time. |  | 16 |
| 10034730525 | New Amsterdam | Dutch Colony in North America that began when Peter Minuit purchased the best harbor on the Atlantic Seaboard from local Indians with a few trading goods. Established the Dutch as competent fur traders, excellent merchants, responsible for founding the most ethnically diverse colony that fittingly, became the site of the trade and culture capital of the world, New York City. |  | 17 |
| 10034730526 | Elizabeth I | The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who was more responsible than any other monarch for positioning her country to take advantage of New World discoveries. |  | 18 |
| 10034730527 | nation-state | The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. |  | 19 |
| 10034730528 | confederacy | An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. | | 20 |
| 10034730529 | primeval | Concerning the earliest origin of things. |  | 21 |
| 10034730530 | caravel | A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. |  | 22 |
| 10034730531 | plantation | A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. |  | 23 |
| 10034730532 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. |  | 24 |
| 10034730533 | mestizo | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. |  | 25 |
| 10034730534 | nationalism | Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state, leading to a belief in the superiority of one's culture over another. |  | 26 |
| 10034730535 | charter | A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. |  | 27 |
| 10034730536 | indentured servant | A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor. |  | 28 |
| 10034730537 | toleration | Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. |  | 29 |
| 10034730538 | squatter | A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. |  | 30 |
| 10034730539 | matriarch | A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan. |  | 31 |
| 10034730540 | conversion | A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience. | | 32 |
| 10034730541 | heresy | Departure from correct or officially defined belief. |  | 33 |
| 10034730542 | seditious | Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. |  | 34 |
| 10034730543 | commonwealth | An organized civil government or social order. |  | 35 |
| 10034730544 | autocratic | Absolute or dictatorial rule. |  | 36 |
| 10034730545 | proprietary | Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. |  | 37 |
| 10034730546 | naturalization | The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. |  | 38 |
| 10034730547 | congregationalism | Church and town organization independent (no state control) and non-hierarchical; Citizenship = church membership (covenant); New England and Middle colonies; Puritans, Quakers, Baptists, etc. | 39 | |
| 10034730548 | covenant | Agreement between church members to form an independent church congregation; Membership was tied to citizenship. | 40 | |
| 10034730549 | Richard Hakluyt | English writer who extravagantly exhorted his countrymen to undertake the colonization of the New World after defeat of the Spanish Armada. | 41 | |
| 10034730550 | Sir Francis Drake | The most famous of the "sea dogs" (English Privateers); Plundered his way all around the planet; Financially supported by Queen Elizabeth; Knighted by queen because defying Spanish protest. |  | 42 |
| 10034730551 | Destruction of the Spanish Armada | 16th century England vs. Spain naval war; Marked the beginning of the end of the Spanish Empire and opened the path for the British Empire to flourish. |  | 43 |
| 10034730552 | Calvinism | A major branch of Protestantism; The credo of many American foundational settlers including English Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Hugenots, and Dutch Reformed Church in America | 44 | |
| 10034730553 | Barbados | located in Caribbean; where the settlers in Carolina come from |  | 45 |
| 10034730554 | Joint Stock Company | A commercial venture in which multiple shareholders invest and spread risk; e.g. Hudson's Bay Company, Virginia Company, Dutch West India Company | 46 | |
| 10034730555 | Hudson's Bay Company | one of the Joint-stock companies founded in England for the purpose of trapping and fur trading. |  | 47 |
| 10034730556 | Navigation Acts | A series of economic regulations set by England starting in 1651 in order to gain control over its' colonies; Inspired by merchantilist policies |  | 48 |
| 10034730557 | Queen Elizabeth | A.K.A. Virginia, the "virgin" queen; An ambitious ruler, she secured the Protestant Reformtation in England and reigned during the destruction of the Spanish Armada, Drake's circumnavigation, the English Renaissance (Shakespeare!), and the beginning of the British Empire. | | 49 |
| 10034730558 | Sir Walter Raleigh | A dashing courtier favored by Queen Elizabeth; Launched the first English colony in the New World in 1585 on Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia (present day North Carolina); The colony was a failure due to England's preoccupation with war with Spain. |  | 50 |
| 10034730559 | Roanoke colony | Located in present day North Carolina; Known as "The Lost colony" established by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585, disappeared during the first Anglo-Spanish War. |  | 51 |
| 10034730560 | Virginia Company of London | A joint-stock company that established the first enduring English colony in the New World at Jamestown. |  | 52 |
| 10034730561 | Plantation economy | large scale agriculture worked by slaves, especially sugar and tobacco plantation. | | 53 |
| 10034730562 | Chesapeake Bay | Large estuary between Maryland and Virginia; Site of both Jamestown and St. Marys. |  | 54 |
| 10034730563 | Jamestown | The first permanent English settlement in North America; Founded in 1607 as a joint-venture of the Virginia Company. | 55 | |
| 10034730564 | Maryland | Proprietary colony established on the Chesapeake Bay; George Calvert and Lord Baltimore were its proprietors; Established as a Catholic haven in the largely Protestant British Americas. |  | 56 |
| 10034730565 | Powhatan confederacy | A group of native American tribes in 17th century that settled in Virginia and came into conflict with the Virginia colonists. | 57 | |
| 10034730566 | Lord De La Warr | Governor of Jamestown; "he shall not work shall not eat" | 58 | |
| 10034730567 | Anglo-Powhatan Wars | 1614-1644; Series of wars between English Virginia Company settlers and local Indian tribes; "Irish tactics" used; Settled by Marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe; Led to the banishment of Chesapeake Indians and English encroachment of land. | 59 | |
| 10034730568 | "starving time" | Jamestown winter of 1609 to 1610; Only 60 of the 400 colonists survived because they didn't found plants or the methods to grow crops; Most colonists were gentlemen "adventurers" who refused to work or didn't know how to grow crops. |  | 60 |
| 10034730569 | House of Burgesses | The first representative legislative body formed in 1619 in Virginia; Evolved into a "planter oligarchy" that represented the wealthy plantation owners, and a competitor to the Parliament in London. | 61 | |
| 10034730570 | Maryland Acts of Toleration | In 1649, passed in Maryland, guaranteeing rights to Christians of all denominations; A measure to protect Maryland's Catholics. | 62 | |
| 10034730571 | Headright System | New immigrants were enticed to come to the New World with the offer of 50 arces (1 arce= 4047m2) | 63 | |
| 10034730572 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 rebellion of discontent landless servants in Virginia; Exposed the weakness of the indentured servant system to the ruling planter oligarchy, who thereafter relied more and more on African slaves. | 64 | |
| 10034730573 | Lord Baltimore | Catholic proprietor of the colony of Maryland; Permitted religious freedom to all Christian colonists in a mesure to protect Catholics. | 65 | |
| 10034730574 | John Rolfe | Virginia "father of tobacco"; Husband of Pocahontas. | 66 | |
| 10034730575 | Indentured servant | Potential England immigrants sign a contact with wealthy Virginians to work for a certain years in the New World in exchange of the passage over the Atlantic. | 67 | |
| 10034730576 | Virginia | The first colony of the British Empire; Established during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. | 68 | |
| 10034730577 | Quebec | French major colony in Canada. |  | 69 |
| 10034730578 | Jesuit | "Society of Jesus"; Catholic missionaries. | 70 | |
| 10034730579 | Huguenots | French Protestants | 71 | |
| 10034730580 | Metis People | Descendant of French and indigenous people | 72 | |
| 10034730581 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | First written constitution in the New World (and all of Western Tradition); established townhall style of government similar to much of Puritan New England. | 73 | |
| 10034730582 | Pilgrims | Traveler on a holy journey; Puritan separatists who first settled Plymouth in New England |  | 74 |
| 10034730583 | Puritans | A group of English Reformed Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England | 75 | |
| 10034730584 | Protestantism | The "reformed" Christian faith that emerged from Martin Luther's 16th century protests against the corruption and control of the Catholic Church; A major religious and political force in the English colonies of the New World. | 76 | |
| 10034730585 | Town hall meeting | A form of direct democratic rule, used principally in New England where most or all the members of a community come together to participate in direct democratic government. | 77 | |
| 10034730586 | Congregational church | Protestant churches practicing congregationalist church governance; The independence of each congregation in New England mirrored the independence of each town and its political organization. | 78 | |
| 10034730587 | Royal charter | A formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. | 79 | |
| 10034730588 | Charter | The grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified; 3 types: Royal, Commercial, Proprietary. | 80 | |
| 10034730589 | Plymouth colony | Founded by a group of Separatists who came to be known as the Pilgrims; the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region,https://o.quizlet.com/YWD0OaZqPqntAaSERr.dQA_m.jpg | 81 | |
| 10034730590 | Roger Williams | A Puritan, an early proponent of religious freedom and separation of church and state; he was expelled from the colony of Massachusetts and began the colony of Providence Plantation. | 82 | |
| 10034730591 | Providence | Colony established by the puritan dissenter Roger Williams; Later merged with Portsmouth to form the colony of Rhode Island. | 83 | |
| 10034730592 | Anne Hutchinson | An important participant in the Antinomian Controversy; banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and formed Portsmouth (later merged into Rhode Island). |  | 84 |
| 10034730593 | John Winthrop | One of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; his vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development. |  | 85 |
| 10034730594 | Mayflower | The ship that transported the first English Separatists—Pilgrims—in 1620. | 86 | |
| 10034730595 | Separatist | Puritans who felt needed to separate from the Church of England. | 87 | |
| 10034730596 | "city upon a hill" | In the 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" preached by Puritan John Winthrop. Winthrop admonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their new community would be "as a city upon a hill", the ideal community, watched by the world. | 88 | |
| 10034730597 | Mayflower Compact | The first governing document of Plymouth Colony, written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Congregationalists. |  | 89 |
| 10034730598 | Salem Witch Trials | A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693; Religious fear that resulted from unrest in the colonies. | 90 | |
| 10034730599 | slave codes | Series of laws in southern plantation colonies that established Africans as lifelong slaves and a cornerstone of the plantation economy. | 91 | |
| 10034730600 | King Philip's War | AKA Metacom's War; Savage conflict between New England colonists and local Indian tribes; Both sides resorted to brutal massacre tactics; Defeat of Indians resulted in white land expansion. |  | 92 |
| 10034730601 | Middle Colonies | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; Dominated by Quakers. | 93 | |
| 10034730602 | Supreme gonverner of Anglican Church | The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British monarch that signifies titular leadership over the Church of England; Since the English Reformation under the Tudors, the monarch has been the head of the church; One of the major problems Puritans, Quakers, and other groups had with the Anglican church. | 94 | |
| 10034730603 | Jamaica | An island in Caribbean sea. Visited by Columbus in 1494 and Colonized by Spanish who enslaved or killed the Natives. Became a major sugar colony of the British Empire in the 17th century. |  | 95 |
| 10034730604 | South Carolina | Plantation colony established by the eight nobles (lords proprietor) after the restoration of King Charles II; Mostly rural plantations, but has primary settlement at Charles Town. |  | 96 |
| 10034730605 | "buffer colony" | A colony established to serve primarily as a defensive boundary against a competing colonial power; California and Georgia, for example. | 97 | |
| 10034730606 | North Carolina | A relatively poor and underdeveloped colony settled by landless squatters from Virginia |  | 98 |
| 10034730607 | "holy experiment" | William Penn's term for the ideal government that would uphold religious freedom and attract virtuous settlers; Largely a Quaker ideal; Its failure was apparent after Penn's death when settlers came into conflict with natives and Quakers lost political power for advocating nonviolence in the face of Indian and competing colonial power threat. | 99 | |
| 10034730608 | Philadelphia | "The city of brotherly love" established by William Penn; It was by far the largest and most important city in the English colonies on the eve of the Revolution. | 100 | |
| 10034730609 | mercantilism | The driving economic philosophy of the colonial powers in the 17th and 18th centuries; Colonial competition was a zero-sum game; Trade imbalances (more imports than exports) were evil; Colonies served the mother country and were not allowed to compete economically. | 101 | |
| 10034730610 | New Netherland | Dutch colony in Northern America; Established as a trading center; Later taken by the English and renamed New York. | 102 | |
| 10034730611 | Gullah culture | Black people off the coast of South Carolina; Speak an English-based creole language containing many African loanwords and grammar; Their isolation is an example of how many Africans held onto their traditional culture despite enslavement and Christianization. | 103 |
