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| 8704117855 | Homo Sapiens | the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic., "wise, wise human being," a species that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; they were the first anatomically modern humans | 0 | |
| 8704117856 | Paleolithic Age | The Old Stone Age, which lasted from 2.5 million to 8000 B.C. where the invention of tools, fire, and language took place. Nomadic hunters and gatherers | 1 | |
| 8704117857 | Homo Erectus | extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain | 2 | |
| 8704117858 | Mesolithic | The "middle" Stone Age, between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic ages. 12,000 - 8,000 B.C.E. | 3 | |
| 8704117859 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 3000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. | 4 | |
| 8704117860 | Neolithic Revolution | (10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization., The shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the domestication of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC | 5 | |
| 8704117861 | Agricultural Revolution | the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering | 6 | |
| 8704117862 | Bronze Age | from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing., a period in human history during which people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons. | 7 | |
| 8704117864 | Catal Huyuk | One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions, one of the world's first cities, remains were found in 1958 in modern Turkey | 8 | |
| 8704117865 | Civilization | complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system | 9 | |
| 8704117866 | Cuneiform | a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C. | 10 | |
| 8704117867 | Barbarian | a member of an uncivilized people | 11 | |
| 8704117868 | Mesopotamia | first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture | 12 | |
| 8704117869 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. | 13 | |
| 8704117870 | Ziggurat | a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple |  | 14 |
| 8704117871 | city-state | a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit. | 15 | |
| 8704117872 | Babylonians | an ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 B.C. and fell to the Persians in 539. | 16 | |
| 8704117873 | Hammurabi's Code | The first written codes of law during the Babylonian Empire, strict/ harsh punsihments, "an eye for an eye". Forst ever codified law |  | 17 |
| 8704117874 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34) | 18 | |
| 8704117875 | Egyptian Civilization | civilization emerged in northern Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and influences from Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamia, civilization featured very durable and centralized institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized civilization. | 19 | |
| 8704117876 | Pharaoh | the title of the ancient Egyptian kings | 20 | |
| 8704117877 | Pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 21 | |
| 8704117878 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 22 | |
| 8704117879 | Indus River Civilization | (c. 3300-1700 BCE, flourished 2600-1900 BCE), was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India, parts of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan; major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | 23 | |
| 8704117880 | Mohenjo-Daro | Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48) | 24 | |
| 8704117881 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. | 25 | |
| 8704117886 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. | 26 | |
| 8704117888 | Judaism | Monotheistic religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god. According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews. | 27 | |
| 8704117889 | Monotheism | belief in a single God | 28 | |
| 8704117890 | Ice Age | a cold period in which huge ice sheets spread outward from the polar regions, the last one of which lasted from about 1,900,000 to 10,000 B.C. | 29 | |
| 8704117891 | Polytheism | The belief in many gods | 30 | |
| 8704117894 | Neolithic revolution | The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization. | 31 |
