Vocabulary for Unit 4 Chapters 18-21
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| 3743140405 | Dutch East India Company | (1602) A mercantile company chartered by the Dutch to conduct trade missions throughout the East Indies. | 0 | |
| 3743140406 | Dutch West India Company | (1621-1794) Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. | 1 | |
| 3743140407 | Colombian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 2 | |
| 3743140408 | Viceroyalty | The highest ranking Spanish officials in the colonies who enjoyed broad power, but also faced obstacles to their authority in the vast territories they sought to control. | 3 | |
| 3743140409 | Bartolomé de Las Casas | (1474-1566) First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them. | 4 | |
| 3743140410 | City of Potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. | 5 | |
| 3743140411 | Hidalgos | Lesser Spanish nobles of the New World | 6 | |
| 3743140412 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | 7 | |
| 3743140413 | Mita | Form of labor used in Peru that required on seventh of the adult male Amerindians to work for two to four months each year in mines, farms, or textile factories. | 8 | |
| 3743140414 | Mestizos | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. | 9 | |
| 3743140415 | Mulatto | The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent | 10 | |
| 3743140416 | Indentured servants | A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. | 11 | |
| 3743140417 | Carolina Fur Trade | (1600's) English fur traders pushed into the interior to compete with French trading networks based in New Orleans and Mobile; It disrupted the natural balance of plants and animals | 12 | |
| 3743140418 | Plantations | The labor intensive agricultural centers of the new world; Implemented by Spain, Britain, and Portugal | 13 | |
| 3743140419 | Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. | 14 | |
| 3743140420 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (six after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes. | 15 | |
| 3743140421 | Charter companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. | 16 | |
| 3743140422 | Port of Luanda | Founded by the Portuguese in 1575, became the center of the slave trade in Brazil | 17 | |
| 3743140423 | Sugar | A labor-intensive, popular product harvested in Brazil and later in the West Indies in the 17th century | 18 | |
| 3743140424 | Plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | 19 | |
| 3743140425 | Manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave; more common in Brazil, Spanish, and French than in English colonies | 20 | |
| 3743140426 | Capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions —banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. | 21 | |
| 3743140427 | Mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. | 22 | |
| 3743140428 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 23 | |
| 3743140429 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 24 | |
| 3743140430 | Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas | 25 | |
| 3743140431 | Dahomey | Strengthened their military by acquiring firearms through the slave trade; they annexed Whydah. Were dependent on Atlantic slave trade | 26 | |
| 3743140432 | Bight of Biafra | The slave trade expanded into this area in the 18th century. Unlike the Gold and Slave Coasts the ____ contained no large states. Slaves were collected at fairs in large numbers as well as other goods. | 27 | |
| 3743140433 | Songhai Empire | A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. | 28 | |
| 3743140434 | Suleiman the Magnificent | (1494-1566) The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver." He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 29 | |
| 3743140435 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 30 | |
| 3743140436 | Safavid Empire | Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. | 31 | |
| 3743140437 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 32 | |
| 3743140438 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 33 | |
| 3743140439 | Tax Farming | Paying specific taxes such as custom duties in advance, in return for the privilege of collecting a greater amount from the actual taxpayers | 34 | |
| 3743140440 | Shah Abbas I | The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629). Abbas moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598. | 35 | |
| 3743140441 | Hidden Imam | Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. | 36 | |
| 3743140442 | Akbar | (1542-1605) Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 37 | |
| 3743140443 | Mansabs (Mansabdars) | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. Those who received the land grants were members of their own caste. | 38 | |
| 3743140444 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. | 39 | |
| 3743140445 | Jesuit Missionaries | Missionaries from the Society of Jesus, they tried and failed to bring Christianity to Japan, but were successful in reaching the elite and scholars in China. | 40 | |
| 3743140446 | Manchus | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 41 | |
| 3743140447 | Daimyo | Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. | 42 | |
| 3743140448 | Samurai | Literally "those who serve," the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. | 43 | |
| 3743140449 | Hideyoshi | Supremely confident Japanese warlord who invaded the Asian mainland in 1592 intending to conquer Korea and self-proclaimed emperor of China. Mentally unstable, he brutally advanced his armies through the Korean peninsula and into the Chinese province of Manchuria. | 44 | |
| 3743140450 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | (1543-1616) asserted dominance over other daimyo and in 1603 established a new military government known as the Tokugawa Shogunate | 45 | |
| 3743140451 | Tokugawa Shogunate | (1603-1868) The last of the three shogunates of Japan. | 46 | |
| 3743140452 | Edo | The new administrative capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate, by the seventeenth century it was one of the largest cities in the world with nearly a million inhabitants. | 47 | |
| 3743140453 | Japanese Trade Decrees (1633-1639) | A series of decrees (1633-1639) that were designed to keep Christianity from resurfacing, and it sharply curtailed trade with Europe. Europeans entering illegally faced the death penalty and Japanese were required to produce certificates from the Buddhist temples attesting to their loyalty and religious orthodoxy. | 48 | |
| 3743140454 | Seppuku | Ritual suicide for Samurai | 49 | |
| 3743140455 | Ming Dynasty | (1368-1644) Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. | 50 | |
| 3743140456 | Qing Dynasty | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. | 51 | |
| 3743140457 | Manchu | A rebel who headed several thousand Chinese rebels. In 1635 he and other rebel leaders gained control over much of north central China including the capture of Beijing in 1644. | 52 | |
| 3743140458 | Matteo Ricci | A Jesuit missionary who was an expert in the Chinese language and an accomplished scholar of the Confucian classics. Under this missionaries leadership, the Jesuits adopted Catholicism to Chinese cultural traditions while introducing the Chinese to the latest science and technology from Europe. | 53 | |
| 3743140459 | Frances Xavier | A Catholic missionary that went to Indian in the mid-sixteenth century looking for converts and later traveled throughout Southeast and East Asia. He spent two years in Japan and died in 1552, hoping to gain entry into China. | 54 | |
| 3743140460 | Emperor Kangxi | (1654-1722) Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 55 | |
| 3743140461 | Amur River | This river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). | 56 | |
| 3743140462 | Treaty of Nerchinsk | Treaty made in 1689 that fixed the border along the Amur River and regulated trade across. | 57 | |
| 3743140463 | McCartney Missions | (1792-1793) The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. | 58 | |
| 3743140464 | Princes of Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.The Princes led a movement against the Golden Horde and annexed the territories if the Russian state in Novgorod in 1478. | 59 | |
| 3743140465 | Ivan IV | (1533-1584) Russian prince who pushed the conquests south and east at the expense of the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan. Led to the Russians having the largest state in Europe and large territories on the Asian side of the Ural mountains as well. | 60 | |
| 3743140466 | Tsar (Czar) | From Latin caesar, the Russian imperial title for a monarch. | 61 | |
| 3743140467 | Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. | 62 | |
| 3743140468 | Time of Troubles | The time in the early 17th century when Swedish and Polish forces occupied Moscow, it marked the end of the Muscovite Rulers. | 63 | |
| 3743140469 | Cossack | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws.They led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 64 | |
| 3743140470 | Boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts | 65 | |
| 3743140471 | Mikhail Romanov | (r.1613-1645)A Boyar who started the Romanov Dynasty in Russia after the Time of Troubles. | 66 | |
| 3743140472 | Russian Serfdom | In Russia they worked has artisans and laborers in factories they were essentially slaves. Its practice was not abolished until 1861. | 67 | |
| 3743140473 | Russian Serfdom | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital form Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 68 | |
| 3743140474 | St. Petersburg | Peter the Great ordered architects to build the houses and buildings of the city in french styles. It became the capital of Russia in 1712. | 69 | |
| 3743140475 | The Great Northern War (1700-1721) | The war between the Russians and the Swedish. It was long and costly for both side , but the Russians ended up gaining control of the Baltic Sea. | 70 | |
| 5994741563 | Ivan III | also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols (a.k.a. Tatars) after 1462; took title of tsar (czar), or Caesar- equivalent of emperor | 71 | |
| 6004829645 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 72 |
