Terms : Hide Images
| 5446883259 | independent regional states | laid foundation for powerful nation-states |  | 0 |
| 5446885724 | Marco Polo | Went to Khubilia Khan's court for 20 years in 1200 CE home town in Venice |  | 1 |
| 5450525997 | Fourth Crusade | Plundered Contantinople b/c of Venetian merchants |  | 2 |
| 5450528193 | Muslim Saljuqs | Caused the Byzantine Empire to fall after destroying Constantinople |  | 3 |
| 5450528194 | Otto I | Proclaimed emperor by Pope John XII in northern Germany |  | 4 |
| 5450531937 | Pope Gregory VII | ended the practice of lay investiture (emperors pick church officials) |  | 5 |
| 5450531938 | Frederick I | Barbarossa; took Lombardy, then gave it up b/c of the Papal State |  | 6 |
| 5450535321 | Capetian Kings | relied on relationships between lords and retainers for expansion |  | 7 |
| 5450537270 | William the conqueror | Ruled in Norman England & more tightly centralized than France |  | 8 |
| 5450539180 | Papal State | Popes ruled central Italy |  | 9 |
| 5450539181 | beans | provided nitrogen for soil and a source of dietary protein |  | 10 |
| 5476638318 | Horseshoes | Prevented horses from getting soft or split hooves |  | 11 |
| 5450541983 | Horse collars | Allows horses to pull heavy weight with their chest, not neck |  | 12 |
| 5450543944 | Hanseatic League | association of trading cities from the Baltic & North Sea to Medit. |  | 13 |
| 5450545915 | letters of credit | safer & less hassle for merchants that traveled between cities |  | 14 |
| 5450545916 | Three Estates | Social classes consisted of priests, warriors and workers/farmers |  | 15 |
| 5450548712 | Chivalry | informal code of behavior for nobility |  | 16 |
| 5450554354 | troubadours | travelling poets that spread the Chivalric code sexual values |  | 17 |
| 5450554355 | merchant guilds | guilds made up of merchants |  | 18 |
| 5450557126 | faculty guilds | guilds made up of teachers and professors |  | 19 |
| 5450560923 | St. Thomas Aquinas | Proved that God exists by combining Aristotle with Christianity |  | 20 |
| 5450560924 | Virgin Mary | Often depicted in art & most well known saint |  | 21 |
| 5450564781 | St. Dominic and St. Francis | Dominican & Franciscan mendicants or friars |  | 22 |
| 5450566934 | Waldensians | protested the increasing materialism of society |  | 23 |
| 5450569102 | Cathars | Extremist Waldensians, adopted the teachings of the Bogomils |  | 24 |
| 5502899036 | Bogomils | Earth=site of struggle between forces of good & evil |  | 25 |
| 5450569103 | Leif Ericsson | discovered Vinland in 1000 CE & sets up colonies |  | 26 |
| 5450572171 | reconquista | Retaking Spain from the Muslims |  | 27 |
| 5450572172 | Urban II | Launched the Crusades in 1095 CE |  | 28 |
| 5450574339 | First Crusade | Captured 400 miles of land from Edessa to Jerusalem |  | 29 |
| 5450574340 | Salah al-Din | Held off Richard the Lion-Hearted for a truce |  | 30 |
| 5450581114 | Effects of the Crusades (positive) | Extensive cultural diffusion, science & astronomy from Islam, Paper production |  | 31 |
| 5450583709 | Effects of the Crusades (negative) | Distrust among Muslims and Christians even today, Constantinople was plundered |  | 32 |
