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AP bio summer study Flashcards

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10311412194carnivoresmeat eaters0
10311412195herbivoresplant eaters1
10311412196omnivoresboth meat and plant eaters2
10311412197producersorganisms that make their own food = plants3
10311412198consumersanimals that eat plants or animals4
10311412199predatorsanimals that hunt other animals5
10311412200preyanimals that get hunted6
10311412201food chainthe flow of energy within an ecosystem7
10311412202ecosystemliving and nonliving resources in an area8
10311412203decomposeranimals that eat dead material9
10311412204hibernationwhen animals sleep during the winter to survive10
10311412205camouflagehow an animal blends in with its surroundings11
10311412206adaptationshow a plant or animal changes to survive12
10311412207migrationwhen animals move N or S due to the seasons13
10311412225overpopulationOccurs when the size of a population becomes larger than the carrying capacity of its ecosystem. It causes problems for other organisms in the ecosystem.14
10311412226cycleA series of events that happen over and over again.15
10311412227interactThe way two or more things affect one another16
10311412228livingBiotic; something that needs air, food, water and reproduces.17
10311412229nonlivingabiotic; something that does not need air, food or water18
10311412230populationA group of organisms of the same species populating a given area19
10311412231systemA collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set of functions.20
10311412232ConjunctivaLines inside of eyelids and connects to front of eye; produces mucus21
10311412233Lacrimal apparatus/glandProduces tears which protect, moisten, and lubricate the eys22
10311412234Extrinsic eye musclesResponsible for rotating the eyeball23
10311412235ScleraMakes up most of the fibrous layer; white24
10311412236CorneaClear anterior portion of fibrous layer25
10311412237ChoroidPosterior portion of vascular layer; nutrient-rich26
10311412238Ciliary bodyA circular muscle that relaxes or tightens to change the shape of the lens.27
10311412239IrisCircular and radial muscles that adjust the size of the pupil28
10311412240Optic discWhere the optic nerve leaves the eye; aka "blind spot"29
10311412241Rodsphotoreceptive cells that are adjusted for dim light; perceive gray tones30
10311412242Conesphotoreceptive cells that are adjusted for bright light; perceive colors31
10311412243Fovea centralisPart of retina with only cones; greatest visual acuity here32
10311412244CataractsWhen the lens becomes hard and opaque33
10311412245Aqueous humorBetween cornea and lens; supplies nutrients and maintains pressure34
10311412246vitreous humorGel-like, between lens and posterior; maintains eye shape35
10311412247Bipolar neurons and ganglion cellsProvide a pathway for visual information from photoreceptors to brain36
10311412248EyelashesLocated on the margin of the eyelids. Prevent foreign substances from entering the eye.37
10311412249MaculaArea surrounding the fovea near the center of the retina in the eye, which is the region of keenest vision.38
10311412250Glaucomaa condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.39
10311412251MyopiaDifficulty focusing distant objects (nearsightedness)40
10311412252HyperopiaDifficulty focusing nearby objects (farsightedness)41
10311412253emmetropianormal condition of the eye. normal, perfect vision42
10311412254RhodopsinLight sensitive molecule/ pigment found in the rods and cones of the retina43
10311412255Suspensory LigamentsLong, thin fibers which connect the crystalline lens to the ring of ciliary muscles.44
10311412256astigmatismdefective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye45
10311412257lacrimal fluidtears; maintains moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball46
10311412258nasolacrimal ductempties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity47
10311412259fibrous tunicsclera and cornea (outermost layer)48
10311412260vascular tunicchoroid, ciliary body and lens, iris (middle layer)49
10311412261Sensory tunicRetina (Innermost layer)50
10311412262Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)Sound waves travel down auditory canal strike the fibrous membrane causing it to vibrate when hit by sound waves51
10311412263Malleus (Hammer)Bone #1; delivers sound vibrations to inner ear fluids; amplify sounds52
10311412264Incus (Anvil)Bone #2; delivers sound vibrations to inner ear fluids; amplify sounds53
10311412265Stapes (Stirrup)Bone #3; delivers sound vibrations to inner ear fluids; amplify sounds54
10311412266Tympanic CavityEqualizes air pressure around tympanic membrane; drainage of ear secretions55
10311412267Vestibular NerveCarries sensory information (balance and movement) to the brain56
10311412268Cochlear NerveTransfers auditory information from the cochlea to the brain57
10311412269Semicircular Canalsperceptions of sense of balance and position; does not affect hearing58
10311412270CochleaConverts stimulus from environment into nerve impulses for transmission to the brain59
10311412271Eustachian TubeEqualizes air pressure; allows the drainage of fluid (ear popping)60
10311412272Round WindowAids fluid motion in cochlea and helps maintain pressure61
10311412273Oval WindowVibrations from the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) are transferred to the cochlea via the oval window62
10311412274Auditory CanalSound waves sent down canal and amplified; secretes earwax to help canal from drying out63
10311412275PinnaCollect sound vibrations near the opening of the ear; direct sound into auditory canal64
10311412276Tropic hormonesstimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.65
10311412277Releasing homonespromotes the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary66
10311412278inhibiting hormonesinhibits the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary67
10311412279antidiuretic hormone- functions in limiting water loss in the kidneys - secreted by the posterior pituitary, produced in the hypothalamus68
10311412280oxytocin- controls milk secretion, regulates uterine contractions in birthing, influences maternal behaviors, pair bonding, and sexual activity - secreted by posterior pituitary, produced in hypothalamus69
10311412281growth hormonestimulates growth, division, and metabolic functions secreted by anterior pituitary70
10311412282Prolactinstimulates milk production by stimulating the mammary gland cells secreted by anterior pituitary71
10311412283follicle-stimulating hormoneconveys signals from the hypothalamus to the gonads secreted by anterior pituitary72
10311412284thyroid stimulating hormonestimulate the thyroid secreted by anterior pituitary73
10311412285adrenocorticotropic hormonestimulates the adrenal cortex secreted by anterior pituitary74
10311412286Melanocyte stimulating hormonefunctions in hunger, metabolism, and skin coloration secreted by anterior pituitary75
10311412287Endorphinsrelieve pain, reduce urine output, decrease respiration, produce euphoria - acts a as neurotransmitter and hormone76
10311412288Melatonin- participates in regulation of biological rhythms - secreted by pineal gland77
10311412289Triiodothyroninehormone produced in the thyroid that helps regulate metabolism (T3)78
10311412290ThyroxineHormone secreted from thyroid which acts as a catalyst; influences metabolic rate, growth, and development (T4)79
10311412291Calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels - secreted by thyroid80
10311412292Parathyroid hormoneProduced by parathyroid. Targets bone and kidney to raise calcium level in blood.81
10311412293Glucagonhormone secreted by pancreas that raises blood glucose level82
10311412294Insulinhormone secreted by pancreas that lowers blood glucose level83
10311412295Epinephrinein response to stress: raises blood glucose levels, increases metabolic activities, changes vasodilation/vasoconstriction - secreted by adrenal medulla84
10311412296NorepinephrineA precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses; A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation85
10311412297GlucocorticoidsRaise blood glucose level, secreted by adrenal cortex86
10311412298MineralocorticoidsRegulate solute concentrations by promoting reabsorption of sodium ion and potassium ion excretion; secreted by adrenal cortex87
10311412299Androgenssupport sperm formation, promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics; secreted by testes88
10311412300EstrogensStimulate uterine lining growth, promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics; secreted by ovaries89
10311412301Progestinspromote uterine lining growth; secreted by ovaries90
10311412302Prostaglandins- Stimulate smooth muscles of uterine wall to contract to help sperm reach egg - Cause uterine muscles to become more excitable at onset of childbirth to help induce labor - Act in immune system to promote inflammation and pain in response to injury - Regulate aggregation of platelets - modified fatty acids produced near target cells91
10311412303Testosteroneprimary androgen; develops seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens; secreted by testes92
10311412304Ecdysonesteroid hormone in insects responsible for molting and metamorphosis93
10311412305Juvenile hormoneinsect hormone responsible for developmental staging94
10311412306Luteinizing Hormone- a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary - Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation (luteal phase) - stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells95
10311412307Follicle stimulating hormonea hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland - promotes the formation of ova in follicle cells - promotes sperm maturation in seminiferous tubules and epididymis96
10311412308TropismA growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli due to differential rates of cell elongation.97
10311412309phototropismGrowth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.98
10311412310AuxinA term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth.99
10311412311Gibberellinsany of a class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and (with auxin) stimulate fruit development.100
10311412312ABA CA plant hormone that slows down growth and promotes seed dormancy101
10311412313EthyleneThe only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening.102
10311412314Leaf abscissionIs when a leaf drops its leaves103
10311412315Circadian rhythmsA physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.104
10311412316GravitroprismA response of a plant or animal to gravity.105
10311412317ThigmotropismA directional growth of a plant in response to touch.106
10311412318ThigmoRelating to touch107
10311412319Positive hydrotropismAllows a plant to access water108
10311412320AntherPart of the stamen where pollen is produced and stored109
10311412321FilamentPart of the stamen that holds up the anther110
10311412322StamenMale part of the flower111
10311412323StigmaSticky part of the pistil where the pollen attaches112
10311412324StyleTube like structure connecting the stigma to the ovary113
10311412325OvaryContains the ovules and when fertilised ripens into the fruit114
10311412326OvuleContains the eggs and when fertilized forms the seeds115
10311412327CarpelFemale part of the flower116
10311412328PetalFragrant and brightly colored to attract pollinators117
10311412329ReceptacleBase of the flower118
10311412330SepalModified leaf that protects the flower bud before opening119
10311412331PollenMale gamete made in anther, the grains on the anther.120
10311412332EggFemale gamete, made in the ovule121
10311412333NectaryProduces nectar to attract insects122
10311412334What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid123
10311412335DNAA long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix.124
10311412336NucleotideA building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.125
10311412337Deoxyribose sugarsugar used in DNA to make up the "backbone"126
10311412338Phosphate groupA chemical group made up of phosphorus and oxygen and that is a component part of the nucleotide unit127
10311412339Nitrogenous baseA nitrogen containing molecule that is a part of nucleotides128
10311412340Complementary Base to AdenineThymine129
10311412341Complementary Base to CytosineGuanine130
10311412342Backbone of DNA is made ofDeoxyribose sugar and phosphate131
10311412343Rungs of ladder are made ofNitrogen bases132
10311412344Double Helix2 strands of nucleotides which are twisted together133
10311412345The complimentary DNA strand of the following is: ATT TAA ACC GAGTAA ATT TGG CAC134
10311412346The complimentary DNA strand of the following is: GGG CCC AAA TTTCCC GGG TTT AAA135
10311412347Franklin and WilkinsUsed X-ray crystallography to develop images of DNA136
10311412348Watson and CrickDeveloped an accurate model of DNA137
10311412208Watson & CrickWatson & Crick -Used Chargraff's Rules and Rosalind Franklins X-Ray diffraction to proposed DNA as a right handed double helix in which the two strands are antiparellel & the bases are stacked on one another138
10311412209Double helixThe Shape of DNA139
10311412210Amino AcidsMonomer of proteins140
10311412211GeneA section of DNA that codes for a trait141
10311412212Nucleic AcidPolymer of nucleotides142
10311412213DeoxyriboseA five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides143
10311412349Nitrogenous BaseAdenine Guanine Cytosine and Thymine are called _____________144
10311412350TThe Base Pair A matches with145
10311412351CThe Base Pair G matches with146
10311412352Complementary BasesThe fact that A bonds with T and G with C shows that A and T and G and C are147
10311412353Rosalind FranklinBritish scientist who generated x-ray diffraction pictures of DNA, that provided evidence of of double helix data about DNA148
10311412354DNA Back BoneMade from Phosphate and Deoxiribose149
10311412355Cell CycleWhen a cell goes through a period of growth, development, and division150
10311412356reasons for cell divisionGrowth, Replacement, Repair, and Reproduction151
10311412357the length of the cell cycleUsually around 24 hours152
10311412358Growthbigger organisms need more cells, not bigger cells153
10311412359Replacementold, worn out cells must be replaced so the organism can continue to function. Different types of cells have different life spans154
10311412360RepairMany, but not all, damaged cells can be replaced as part of the healing process155
10311412361Examples of damaged cellsbroken bones, cuts, bruises156
10311412362Reproductionthe process by which an organism produces others of its same kind. Can be sexual or asexual157
10311412363Eukaryotic cellsthose with membrane bound organelles and nuclei158
10311412364Cytokinesiswhen the cell halves to form two daughter cells159
10311412365MitosisHow cell division is accomplished in eukaryotic cells160
10311412366phases of the cell cycleInterphase and the Mitotic Phase161
10311412367Interphasethe longest portion of most cells' lives, in which cells carry out their intended functions, organelles duplicate, chromosomes replicate into pairs of sister chromatids, joined at the centromere, and the cell grows162
10311412368ProphaseSpindle Fibers appear. Cell starts to break down.163
10311412369MetaphaseChromosomes start to condense. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. It is the shortest phase.164
10311412370AnaphaseSister chromatids pull apart towards opposite ends of the cell. Cell begins to lengthen.165
10311412371TelophaseSpindles hide and break down. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear.166
10311412372Diploid CellsCells that have pairs of chromosomes (2n)167
10311412373Haploid CellsCells that have half the pair of chromosomes (n)168
10311412374Stages of InterphaseG1, S, G2169
10311412375Interphase G1Rapid growth and replication of organelles170
10311412376Interphase SDNA is replicated171
10311412377Interphase G2Preparing the cell for cell division, all organelles have finished replication172
10311412378NucleusThis organelle is the control center of the cell. It contains the DNA.173
10311412379MitochondriaThis organelle is the powerhouse of the cell. This is where ATP (cell's energy currency) is made during cellular respiration.174
10311412380ChloroplastThis organelle contains chlorophyll, and is the location that photosynthesis occurs, which produces glucose from light energy.175
10311412381Endosymbiotic TheoryThe idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of early prokaryotic cells that were engulfed, or taken in, by early eukaryotic cells.176
10311412382RibosomeThis organelle is the site where protein synthesis occurs. Protein synthesis is the process of making proteins.177
10311412383Endoplasmic ReticulumThis organelle transports proteins that have been made in the ribosomes, as well as making and transporting lipids. There are two types of this organelle (rough and smooth).178
10311412384Golgi ApparatusThis organelle modifies, sorts, and packages substances made by the cells (mostly proteins).179
10311412385LysosomeThis organelle contains digestive enzymes that are used to break down macro-molecules into smaller molecules. It can also destroy the cell, or cell parts, if it is wearing down and needs to be replaced.180
10311412386VacuoleThis organelle stores water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. In plant cells, it also provides support in the form of tugor pressure.181
10311412387CentriolesThis organelle helps the cell to divide. It is not found in plant cells.182
10311412388Cell MembraneThis organelle controls what goes into and out of the cell (kind of like a gate keeper). It also provides protection and support, and it has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals.183
10311412389Cell WallThis organelle is a rigid structure found around plant cells and some bacteria cells that strengthens the cell and provides support.184
10311412390CytoskeletonThis organelle is made of many microtubules and microfilaments, and it helps the cell maintain its shape.185
10311412391CytoplasmThis organelle is the jelly-like fluid that forms the interior space between all the other organelles. It gives the cell its shape.186
10311412392EukaryoteThis is one of the two major cell types. It has a nucleus and organelles. It is also the larger of the two cell types. Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi187
10311412393ProkaryoteThis is one of the two major cell types. It has NO nucleus or organelles. It is also the smaller of the two cell types. Examples: Bacteria, Archaebacteria188
10311412394NucleolusThis organelle is where ribosomes are made. Located inside of the nucleus.189
10311412395CiliaThis organelle is a hair-like projection that can aid in movement.190
10311412214Integumentary SystemForms external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury e.g. hair, skin & nails.191
10311412215Nervous SystemFast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Brain, nerves & spinal cord.192
10311412216Skeletal SystemProtects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones.193
10311412217Endocrine SystemGlands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells. Glands e.g. adrenal gland, pineal gland, ovary.194
10311412218Muscular SystemAllows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture & produces heat.195
10311412219Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.196
10311412220Lymphatic SystemPicks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity.197
10311412221Respiratory SystemKeeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.198
10311412222Urinary SystemEliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.199
10311412223Reproductive SystemOverall function is the production of offspring.200
10311412224Digestive SystemBreaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to blood cells.201
10311412396prokaryotea cell without a nucleus that reproduces through fission202
10311412397eukaryotea cell that has membrane-bound organelles and reproduces through mitosis203
10311412406traits of cell types204
10311412398Hydroxyl groupIs polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars. Compound name: Alcohol (specific name usually ends in -ol )205
10311412399Carboxyl groupActs as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid206
10311412400Amino groupActs as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms). Compound name: Amine207
10311412401Methyl groupAffects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones. Compound name: Methylated compound208
10311412402Sulfhydryl groupTwo —SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or curliness of hair; in hair salons, permanent treatments break cross-links, then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape. Compound name: Thiol209
10311412403Carbonyl groupSugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses. Compound name: Ketone (carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton)210
10311412404photosynthesis formula6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2211

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