Important terms & people in the AP Psychology Personality Theories unit.
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| 6589349411 | Archetypes | According to Carl Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. | 0 | |
| 6589349412 | Behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. | 1 | |
| 6589349413 | Carl Jung | 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people have conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation | 2 | |
| 6589349414 | Collective Unconscious | According to Carl Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past. | 3 | |
| 6589349415 | Conscious | Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time. | 4 | |
| 6589349416 | Defense Mechanisms | Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. | 5 | |
| 6589349417 | Denial | Defense Mechanism: unconscious refusal to accept reality. | 6 | |
| 6589349418 | Displacement | Defense Mechanism: shifts unacceptable feelings/impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object/person; redirecting anger toward a safer outlet | 7 | |
| 6589349419 | Ego | According to Sigmund Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. | 8 | |
| 6589349420 | Extroversion | People with this trait tend to be interested in the external world of people and things; social butterflies | 9 | |
| 6589349421 | Factor Analysis | Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables. | 10 | |
| 6589349422 | Id | According to Sigmund Freud, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle. | 11 | |
| 6589349423 | Incongruence | The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. | 12 | |
| 6589349424 | Inferiority Complex | An unrealistic feeling of general inadequacy caused by actual or supposed inferiority in one sphere, sometimes marked by aggressive behavior in compensation. | 13 | |
| 6589349425 | Intellectualization | Defense Mechanism: describing painful or emotional, personal events in academic or philosophical terms. | 14 | |
| 6589349426 | Introversion | People with this trait tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. | 15 | |
| 6589349427 | Karen Horney | 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fear and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends | 16 | |
| 6589349428 | Model | A person whose behavior is observed by another. | 17 | |
| 6589349429 | Paul Costa & Robert McCrae | Created the "Five Factor Model" (big five) - simplest of all trait theories - 5 factors that encompass all others; Openness - open to fantasies, feelings, aesthetics, ideas, values; Conscientiousness - competent, prefers structure, dutiful, disciplined; Extroversion - assertive, warm, positive, active, seek excitement; Agreeableness - trusts others, honest, cooperative, sympathetic; Neuroticism - anxiety, depression, hostility, self-conscious, act impulsively, experience a sense of vulnerability | 18 | |
| 6589349430 | Personal Unconscious | According to Carl Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. | 19 | |
| 6589349431 | Personality | An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. | 20 | |
| 6589349432 | Personality Trait | A type of quality or characteristic that shapes a person's unique character and identity. | 21 | |
| 6589349433 | Pleasure Principle | According to Sigmund Freud, the principle upon which the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges. | 22 | |
| 6589349434 | Preconscious | According to Sigmund Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved. | 23 | |
| 6589349435 | Projection | Defense Mechanism: attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. | 24 | |
| 6589349436 | Projective Tests | Psychological tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subject's needs, feelings, and personality traits. | 25 | |
| 6589349437 | Rationalization | Defense Mechanism: creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. | 26 | |
| 6589349438 | Reaction Formation | Defense Mechanism: behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings. | 27 | |
| 6589349439 | Reality Principle | According to Sigmund Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. | 28 | |
| 6589349440 | Reciprocal Determinism | The assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence each other. | 29 | |
| 6589349441 | Regression | Defense Mechanism: a reversion to immature patterns of behavior. | 30 | |
| 6589349442 | Repression | Defense Mechanism: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. | 31 | |
| 6589349443 | Self-Actualization | The achievement of people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth; they have a grasp of the real world. | 32 | |
| 6589349444 | Self-Concept | A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. | 33 | |
| 6589349445 | Self-Efficacy | One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. | 34 | |
| 6589349446 | Self-Enhancement | Focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average. | 35 | |
| 6589349447 | Self-Monitoring | Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desire impression. | 36 | |
| 6589349448 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference | 37 | |
| 6589349449 | Striving for Superiority | According to Alfred Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges. | 38 | |
| 6589349450 | Sublimation | Defense Mechanism: shifts impulses to a more socially acceptable substitute. | 39 | |
| 6589349451 | Superego | According to Sigmund Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. | 40 | |
| 6589349452 | Unconscious | According to Sigmund Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that, nonetheless, exert great influence on behavior. | 41 | |
| 6589349453 | intelligence test | a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores | 42 | |
| 6589349454 | intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations | 43 | |
| 6589349455 | general intelligence | an intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. | 44 | |
| 6589349456 | factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test, used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score | 45 | |
| 6589349457 | savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing | 46 | |
| 6589349458 | emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions | 47 | |
| 6589349459 | mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus a child who does as well as the average 8 year old is said to have a mental age of 8. | 48 | |
| 6589349460 | Stanford-Binet | the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. | 49 | |
| 6589349461 | IQ | defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. | 50 | |
| 6589349462 | achievement tests | tests designed to assess what a person has learned | 51 | |
| 6589349463 | aptitude tests | tests designed to predict a person's future performance | 52 | |
| 6589349464 | WAIS | the most widely used intelligence test contains verbal and performance subtests. | 53 | |
| 6589349465 | standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group | 54 | |
| 6589349466 | normal curve | symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. | 55 | |
| 6589349467 | reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. | 56 | |
| 6589349468 | validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. | 57 | |
| 6589349469 | content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest | 58 | |
| 6589349470 | predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. | 59 | |
| 6589349471 | intellectual disability | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life varies from mild to profound | 60 | |
| 6589349472 | Down syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. | 61 | |
| 6589349473 | stereotype threat | a self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype | 62 | |
| 6589349474 | Spearman's general intelligence | a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas | 63 | |
| 6589349475 | Thurstone's primary mental abilities | our intelligence may be broken down into seven facotrs: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory | 64 | |
| 6589349476 | Gardner's multiple intelligence | our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts | 65 | |
| 6589349477 | Sternberg's triarchic | our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical | 66 | |
| 6589349478 | Alfred Binet | created the first modern intelligence test | 67 |
