Learning
Page 313-347
Terms : Hide Images
| 5521219710 | Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. | 0 | |
| 5521219711 | Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). | 1 | |
| 5521219712 | Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning. | 2 | |
| 5521219713 | Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | 3 | |
| 5521219714 | Unconditioned Response (UCR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 4 | |
| 5521219715 | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | 5 | |
| 5521219716 | Conditioned Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | 6 | |
| 5521219717 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | 7 | |
| 5521219718 | Aquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditional response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 8 | |
| 5521219719 | Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response (CR); occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 9 | |
| 5521219720 | Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | 10 | |
| 5521219721 | Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (US). | 11 | |
| 5521219722 | Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | 12 | |
| 5521219723 | Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | 13 | |
| 5521219724 | Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. | 14 | |
| 5521219725 | Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | 15 | |
| 5521219726 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | 16 | |
| 5521219727 | Operant Chamber | A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. | 17 | |
| 5521219728 | Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | 18 | |
| 5521219729 | Reinforcer | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. | 19 | |
| 5521219730 | Positive Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | 20 | |
| 5521219731 | Negative Reinforement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after the response, strengthens the response. Note: Negative Reinforcement is NOT Punishment. | 21 | |
| 5521219732 | Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. | 22 | |
| 5521219733 | Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer | 23 | |
| 5521219734 | Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. | 24 | |
| 5521219735 | Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | 25 | |
| 5521219736 | Fixed-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | 26 | |
| 5521219737 | Variable-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | 27 | |
| 5521219738 | Fixed-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | 28 | |
| 5521219739 | Variable-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. | 29 | |
| 5521219740 | Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. | 30 | |
| 5521219741 | Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | 31 | |
| 5521219742 | Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | 32 | |
| 5521219743 | Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. | 33 | |
| 5521219744 | Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. | 34 | |
| 5521219745 | Observational Learning | A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. | 35 | |
| 5521219746 | Modeling | A therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behavior through imitation of someone else. | 36 | |
| 5521219747 | Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 37 | |
| 5521219748 | Prosocial Behavior | Behavior that benefits someone else or society but that generally offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may even involve some personal risk or sacrifice. | 38 |
