Terms : Hide Images
| 9037513367 | Learning | The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. | 0 | |
| 9037513368 | Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and is consequences (as in operant conditioning) | 1 | |
| 9037513369 | Classical Conditioning | a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (a bell). | 2 | |
| 9037513370 | Conditioning | To have a significant influence on or determine (the manner or outcome of something). | 3 | |
| 9037513371 | Cognitive Learning | The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language. | 4 | |
| 9037513372 | Stimulus | Any event or situation that evokes a response. | 5 | |
| 9037513373 | Ivan Pavlov | Classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. | 6 | |
| 9037513374 | Neutral Stimulus (NS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. | 7 | |
| 9037513375 | Unconditioned Response (UR) | In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)(such as food in the mouth). | 8 | |
| 9037513376 | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response. | 9 | |
| 9037513377 | Conditioned Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. | 10 | |
| 9037513378 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). | 11 | |
| 9037513379 | Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with (1) but not (2). | 12 | |
| 9037513380 | John B. Watson | He believed that psychology should be only about mental processes and not about the mechanic's of the brain, also know as BEHAVIORISM. | 13 | |
| 9037513381 | Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 14 | |
| 9037513382 | Higher-Order Conditioning (Second Order) | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. | 15 | |
| 9037513383 | Extinction | The diminishing os a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 16 | |
| 9037513384 | Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |  | 17 |
| 9037513385 | Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar behavior. |  | 18 |
| 9037513386 | Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | 19 | |
| 9037513387 | Baby Albert | A baby that was classically conditioned to fear a white and fluffy object in 1920, he died at age 6. |  | 20 |
| 9037513388 | B.F. Skinner | Designed an operant chamber, where he trained pigeons to do unpigeonlike things. A pigeon would peck a button to get food, he mixed it up to see if they would keep pressing the button, they did. |  | 21 |
| 9037513389 | Edward L. Thorndike | Came up with THE LAW OF EFFECT. | 22 | |
| 9037513390 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequence become far more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequence become less likely. | 23 | |
| 9037513391 | Operant Chamber (Skinners Box) | In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |  | 24 |
| 9037513392 | Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |  | 25 |
| 9037513393 | Reinforcement (Reinforcer) | In operant conditioning, any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior that follows. |  | 26 |
| 9037513394 | Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | 27 | |
| 9037513395 | Positive Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Ex: Billy wants him mothers attention so he shouts her name repeatedly until she replies, so when Billy wants his mothers attention again he will be more likely to shout her name. | 28 | |
| 9037513396 | Negative Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing a negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when REMOVED after a response, strengthens the response. (THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT). EX: Take painkillers to end pain, fasten seatbelt to end beeping. | 29 | |
| 9037513397 | Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. | 30 | |
| 9037513398 | Conditioned Reinforcer (Second) | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. | 31 | |
| 9037513399 | Reinforcement Schedule | A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. | 32 | |
| 9037513400 | Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |  | 33 |
| 9037513401 | Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results are slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |  | 34 |
| 9037513402 | Fixed-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Ex: Peck key 3 time get food. | 35 | |
| 9037513403 | Variable-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Ex: Peck key 3 times, then 6 times, then 1 time... | 36 | |
| 9037513404 | Fixed-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific tie has elapsed. Ex: Key is pecked, 3 seconds later food comes. | 37 | |
| 9037513405 | Variable-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Ex: Key is pecked, 3 seconds later food comes, then 6 seconds, then 1 second... | 38 | |
| 9037513406 | Punishment | An event that tends to DECREASE the behavior that it follows. | 39 | |
| 9037513407 | Positive Punishment | Administer an aversive stimulus. Ex: Spray water at a barking dog, give traffic ticket for speeding. | 40 | |
| 9037513408 | Negative Punishment | Withdraw a rewarding stimulus. Ex: Take away a teens driving privileges, revoke library card for not paying fines. | 41 | |
| 9037513409 | Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. | 42 | |
| 9037513410 | Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | 43 | |
| 9037513411 | John Garcia | He challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well, and he discovered TASTE AVERSION. | 44 | |
| 9037513412 | Taste Aversion | Associating a particular taste with a bad experience and then avoiding that particular taste. | 45 | |
| 9037513413 | Instinctive Drift | When an animal reverts back to its instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. | 46 | |
| 9037513414 | Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Ex: After exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a map of it. | 47 | |
| 9037513415 | Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | 48 | |
| 9037513416 | Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake. | 49 | |
| 9037513417 | Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to preform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. | 50 | |
| 9037513418 | Observation Learning | Learning by watching another person preform the action. | 51 | |
| 9037513419 | Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. | 52 | |
| 9037513420 | Albert Bandura | He initiated the 'Bobo doll experiment' where children observed an adult beating up a bobo doll from a distance. Then when the adult left, the child began beating the bobo doll and came up with new methods to beat the adult up. | 53 | |
| 9037513421 | Vicarious Reinforcement | Our tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviors for which others are being rewarded. | 54 | |
| 9037513422 | Vicarious Punishment | Occurs when the tendency to engage in a behavior is weakened after having observed the negative consequences for another engaging in that behavior. | 55 | |
| 9037513423 | Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists think fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. | 56 | |
| 9037513424 | Overimitate | When children are copying the actions of adults that are irrelevant to what they are doing. | 57 | |
| 9037513425 | Theory of Mind | The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own. | 58 |
