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| 8420010280 | Biopsychological | Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones and the activity of the nervous system. |  | 0 |
| 8420010281 | Behaviorism | The science of behavior that focuses on only observable behavior. John Watson is considered the "father" of this approach and conditioning is the main technique used. |  | 1 |
| 8420010282 | Cognitive Perspective | Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning. |  | 2 |
| 8420010283 | Case Study | In depth, detailed study of one individual or a small group. Usually done on rare/new conditions. |  | 3 |
| 8420010284 | Correlation | A measure of the relationship between two variables. It DOES NOT show cause and effect. |  | 4 |
| 8420010285 | Correlation Coefficient | A number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of correlation. The range is -1 to +1 |  | 5 |
| 8420010286 | Control Group | Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment. |  | 6 |
| 8420010287 | Double- Blind Study | Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know it the subjects are in the experimental or control group. This is done to reduce bias. |  | 7 |
| 8420010288 | Dependent Variable | Variable in a experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment. It "depends" on/is a function of the independent variable |  | 8 |
| 8420010289 | Evolutionary Perspective | Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share. Charles Darwin was a main thinker of this perspective. |  | 9 |
| 8420010290 | Experiment | A deliberate manipulation of a variable of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships. It is the ONLY method that can show cause-effect. |  | 10 |
| 8420010291 | Experimental Group | Subjects in a experiment who are subjected to the independent variable. |  | 11 |
| 8420010292 | Experimenter Effect | Tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study. |  | 12 |
| 8420010293 | Functionalism | Early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. |  | 13 |
| 8420010294 | Gestalt Psychology | Early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures. |  | 14 |
| 8420010295 | Hypothesis | Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations. |  | 15 |
| 8420010296 | Independent Variable | Variable in a experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter. What the experimental group receives and the control group doesn't receive. |  | 16 |
| 8420010297 | Objective Introspection | The process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities. Part of the school of structuralism. |  | 17 |
| 8420010298 | Operational Definition | Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured. Essential for the replication of experiment. |  | 18 |
| 8420010299 | Observer Bias | Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see. |  | 19 |
| 8420010300 | Observer Effect | Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed. |  | 20 |
| 8420010301 | Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |  | 21 |
| 8420010302 | Psychoanalysis | The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. Goal is to make the unconscious conscious. |  | 22 |
| 8420010303 | Psychodynamic Perspective | Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other unconscious motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations. |  | 23 |
| 8420010304 | Placebo Effect | The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior. |  | 24 |
| 8420010305 | Psychiatrist | A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of the psychological disorders and can proscribe medication. |  | 25 |
| 8420010306 | Psychoanalyst | Either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has a special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis. |  | 26 |
| 8420010307 | Psychiatric Social Worker | A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse. |  | 27 |
| 8420010308 | Psychologist | A professional with a PhD and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology. Cannot prescribe medication. |  | 28 |
| 8420010309 | Participant Observation | A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed. |  | 29 |
| 8420010310 | Population | The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested. |  | 30 |
| 8420010311 | Representative Sample | Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects. |  | 31 |
| 8420010312 | Random Assignment | Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group. Can be done by choosing from a hat, or rolling dice. |  | 32 |
| 8420010313 | Replicate | In research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results. | 33 | |
| 8420010314 | Single- Blind Study | Study in which only he subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group. |  | 34 |
| 8420010315 | Scientific Method | System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. |  | 35 |
| 8420010316 | Sociocultural Perspective | Perspective that focuses on the influence of social psychology (groups, social roles, social relationships) and culture (cultural norms, values and expectations) |  | 36 |
| 8420010317 | Structuralism | Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. They believed every experience could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations through introspection. |  | 37 |
| 8420010318 | Humanism | Approach to psychology that believes humans have free will to choose their own destiny and reach self actualization. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were "fathers" of this approach. |  | 38 |
| 8420010319 | Biopsychosocial Perspective | Newest approach that focuses on the interplay of biology (for example genetics) psychology (for example though processes) and social interactions can shape behavior. |  | 39 |
| 8420010320 | Positive Correlation | When one variable rises, the other tends to rise. When one variable falls, the other tends to fall. This does not show cause-effect. |  | 40 |
| 8420010321 | Negative Correlation | When one variable rises, the other tends to fall. When one variable falls, the other tends to rise. This does not show cause-effect. |  | 41 |
| 8420010322 | Random Selection | 42 | ||
| 8420010323 | Descriptive Statistics | Organizing and summarizing data so they can be understood. Central tendency, measures of variability, frequency distributions are examples |  | 43 |
| 8420010324 | Inferential Statistics | Allow researchers to make conclusions about the results of research. Determine if the results are statistically significant and if they can be generalized to the larger population. |  | 44 |
| 8420010325 | Statistical Significance | if results are statistically significant, it means they were not likely due to chance; that the IV likely caused the DV. Inferential statistics are used to determine this. If p< .05, then the results are statistically significant. | 45 | |
| 8420010326 | Central Tendency | Gives a score that seems typical of the sample. Mean, median, and mode are the three measures of central tendency. |  | 46 |
| 8420010327 | Positive Skew | When scores are concentrated in the low end of the curve. The tail is pointing to the right. The test was impossible. |  | 47 |
| 8420010328 | Negative Skew | When scores are concentrated in the high end of the curve. The tail is pointing to the left. The test was easy. |  | 48 |
| 8420010329 | Extraneous Variable | Any variable that is not the independent variable but that may influence the results. For instance, participants showing a color preference in a blind taste test of sodas. |  | 49 |
| 8420010330 | Control Variable | Variables that might impact the results of the experiment but are not what is being examined so they are held constant. Temperature, directions, time given to complete the task are examples. |  | 50 |
| 8420010331 | Ethical Violation | When one or more of the following doesn't happen: Informed Consent obtained, potential for harm is minimized, people come first, research second, deception must be justified, participants may withdraw at any time, participants must be informed of any risks, data must remain confidential, participants must be debriefed and told of any deception and about the expected results. |  | 51 |
| 8420010332 | Design Flaw | Means that the experiment was poorly designed and the results may not be valid or generalize as a result. Examples include presence of extraneous variables, lack of control, lack of random selection, lack of random assignment. |  | 52 |
| 8420010333 | Generalize | means it can be assumed that the wider population would experience the same results as the smaller, specific sample that participated in the research. Results can generalize only when there is random assignment. | 53 |
