First semester APUSH terms Period 5 (chapter 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)
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| 5736324692 | Manifest Destiny | A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. |  | 0 |
| 5736324693 | Texas Annexation | 1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY. |  | 1 |
| 5736324694 | Fifty Four Forty or Fight | The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory Dispute. |  | 2 |
| 5736324695 | Oregon Trail | 2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's. |  | 3 |
| 5736324696 | Mountain Men | Fur trappers of the northwest who paved the way for continuous settlement of the great west |  | 4 |
| 5736324697 | California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government |  | 5 |
| 5736324698 | Mexican American War | 1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land. |  | 6 |
| 5736324699 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | (1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected |  | 7 |
| 5736324700 | Gadsden Purchase | Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny. |  | 8 |
| 5736324702 | Kansas Nebraska Act | 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. |  | 9 |
| 5736324703 | Free "Soiler" | People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories |  | 10 |
| 5736324704 | Republican Party | 1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free "Soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories |  | 11 |
| 5736324705 | Stephen A Douglas | Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine |  | 12 |
| 5736324706 | Freeport Doctrine | Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so |  | 13 |
| 5736324707 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) |  | 14 |
| 5736324708 | secession | Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation |  | 15 |
| 5736324709 | Dred Scott Decision | A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. |  | 16 |
| 5736324711 | Sectionalism | Loyalty to a region |  | 17 |
| 5736324712 | John Brown's Raid | Began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion. |  | 18 |
| 5736324713 | Robert E Lee | Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force |  | 19 |
| 5736324714 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War |  | 20 |
| 5736324715 | Antietam | A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. |  | 21 |
| 5736324716 | Vicksburg | Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. |  | 22 |
| 5736324717 | Gettysburg | A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. |  | 23 |
| 5736324718 | Appomattox Courthouse | April 1865., the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War |  | 24 |
| 5736324719 | Ulysses S Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. |  | 25 |
| 5736324720 | William Tecumseh Sherman | Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war |  | 26 |
| 5736324721 | Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson | He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him. |  | 27 |
| 5736324722 | habeas corpus | Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment |  | 28 |
| 5736324723 | martial law | rule by the army instead of the elected government |  | 29 |
| 5736324724 | emergency powers | Wide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time. |  | 30 |
| 5736324725 | Lincoln 1st Inaugural Address | Lincoln tries to appease the south and avoid war | 31 | |
| 5736324726 | Gettysburg Address | A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg |  | 32 |
| 5736324727 | Lincoln 2nd Inaugural Address | "with malice toward none, and charity for all" | 33 | |
| 5736324728 | Presidential Reconstruction | President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S. |  | 34 |
| 5736324729 | Radical Reconstruction | Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war |  | 35 |
| 5736324730 | Black Codes | Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War |  | 36 |
| 5736324731 | Military Reconstruction Act | 1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions |  | 37 |
| 5736324732 | Reconstruction Amendments | 13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race |  | 38 |
| 5736324733 | Freedmen's Bureau | 1865. help former black slaves after civil war Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War |  | 39 |
| 5736324734 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | 40 | |
| 5736324735 | Election of 1876 | Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised. |  | 41 |
| 5736324736 | KKK | Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic. | 42 | |
| 5736324737 | carpetbagger | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states |  | 43 |
| 5736324738 | scalawag | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners |  | 44 |
| 5736324739 | sharecropper | A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. |  | 45 |
| 5736324740 | Morehouse College | Founded in Atlanta in 1867 for black education for professional careers such as lawyers, ministers, and educators. | 46 | |
| 5736324847 | peculiar institution | southern euphemism for slavery | 47 | |
| 5736324848 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification | 48 | |
| 5736324849 | Harriet Tubman | United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) | 49 | |
| 5736324850 | Sojourner Truth | United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) | 50 | |
| 5736324851 | Fredrick Douglas | former slave + abolitionist, stood up for his beliefs, fought for womens + blacks rights, runaway slave, newspaper-the north star | 51 | |
| 5736324852 | Sarah and Angelina Grimke | Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition. | 52 | |
| 5736324853 | Nat Turner's Rebellion | Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families | 53 | |
| 5736324854 | Declaration of Sentiments | declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights | 54 | |
| 5736324855 | Underground Railroad | abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves | 55 | |
| 5736324856 | James K. Polk | president in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into union. | 56 | |
| 5736324857 | Bear Flag Republic | aka the California republic; the result of a revolt by Americans on June 14, 1846, in the town of Sonoma against the authorities of the Mexican province of California; the Republic lasted less than a month. The republic eventually became the present-day state of California. | 57 | |
| 5736324858 | Wilmot Proviso | Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico | 58 | |
| 5736324859 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million | 59 | |
| 5736324860 | Oregon Trail | pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country | 60 | |
| 5736324861 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896) | 61 | |
| 5736324863 | John Brown | abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) | 62 | |
| 5736324864 | apologists | Christian thinkers who defended slavery and explained its "positive good" through Christian beliefs | 63 | |
| 5736324865 | Free-soil party | Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. | 64 | |
| 5736324866 | 49ers | People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold. | 65 | |
| 5736324867 | Republican Party | the younger of two major political parties in the United States | 66 | |
| 5736324868 | Confederate States of America | a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States | 67 | |
| 5736324869 | Gadsden Purchase | purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary | 68 | |
| 5736324870 | Fugitive Slave Law | Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. | 69 | |
| 5736324871 | The Compromise of 1850 | Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed. | 70 | |
| 5736324872 | The Kansas-Nebraska Act | ..., 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. | 71 | |
| 5736324873 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | ..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens | 72 | |
| 5736324874 | Bleeding Kansas | ..., A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. | 73 | |
| 5736324875 | Harper's Ferry | ..., John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged | 74 | |
| 5736324876 | popular sovereignty | ..., The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery. | 75 | |
| 5736324877 | Robert E. Lee | ..., Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force | 76 | |
| 5736324878 | Ulysses S. Grant | ..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | 77 | |
| 5736324879 | Abraham Lincoln | ..., 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) | 78 | |
| 5736324880 | John Wilkes Booth | ..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. | 79 | |
| 5736324881 | Copperheads | ..., northern democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War | 80 | |
| 5736324882 | New York Draft Riots | ..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. | 81 | |
| 5736324883 | Bull Run | ..., either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862) | 82 | |
| 5736324884 | Second Battle of Bull Run | ..., Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continued onto MD in hope of striking a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union | 83 | |
| 5736324885 | Antietam | ..., the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation | 84 | |
| 5736324886 | Gettysburg | ..., a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. | 85 | |
| 5736324887 | Anaconda Plan | ..., Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south | 86 | |
| 5736324888 | Emancipation Proclamation | ..., Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free | 87 | |
| 5736324889 | Thirteenth Amendment | ..., The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. | 88 | |
| 5736324890 | The Homestead Act of 1862 | ..., provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it | 89 | |
| 5736324891 | The Morrill Land Grant of 1862 | ..., The act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades | 90 | |
| 5736324892 | The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 | ..., This act apporved the building of a transcontinental railroad that would utterly transform the West by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific | 91 | |
| 5736324893 | Appomattox Court House | ..., famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant | 92 | |
| 5736324894 | writ of habeas corpus | ..., court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment | 93 | |
| 5736324895 | Freedmen's Bureau | ..., 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | 94 | |
| 5736324896 | carpetbaggers | ..., northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction | 95 | |
| 5736324897 | ku klux klan | ..., a secret society of white Southerners in the United States | 96 | |
| 5736324898 | redeemers | ..., Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans. | 97 | |
| 5736324899 | exodusters | ..., African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas. | 98 | |
| 5736324900 | rutherford B. hayes | ..., 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history | 99 | |
| 5736324901 | reconstruction | ..., the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union | 100 | |
| 5736324902 | proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction | ..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation | 101 | |
| 5736324903 | wade-davis bill | opposed 10% plan and called for more that 50% | 102 | |
| 5736324904 | 10 percent plan | ..., It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln) | 103 | |
| 5736324905 | civil rights bill of 1866 | ..., first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto | 104 | |
| 5736324906 | fourteenth amendment | ..., made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country | 105 | |
| 5736324907 | military reconstruction act | ..., It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law | 106 | |
| 5736324908 | tenure of office act | ..., 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet | 107 | |
| 5736324911 | the compromise of 1877 | it withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet. | 108 | |
| 5736324912 | black codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves | 109 | |
| 5736324913 | sharecroppers | ..., people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop | 110 | |
| 5736324741 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book depicting slave life in the South that essentially set off the Civil War. | 111 | |
| 5736324742 | William Lloyd Garrison | published the first edition of The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, on January 1st, 1831. | 112 | |
| 5736324744 | Nat Turner | a black preacher who in 1831, led a revolt on a summer night in Southampton County, Virginia. They killed 60 whites and 100+ blacks were executed. | 113 | |
| 5736324745 | Sojourner Truth | a freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and women's rights. | 114 | |
| 5736324746 | Frederick Douglass | an escaped slave who spoke publicly for the Black cause. He wrote his autobiography, depicting the harsh realities of Southern slavery. He also looked to politics to help abolish slavery. | 115 | |
| 5736324747 | "Positive Good" | what Proslavery whites said about slavery as a response to the abolitionist outcry. Claimed slavery provided safe housing and meals for African Americans. | 116 | |
| 5736324748 | Cotton Kingdom | areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton. | 117 | |
| 5736324749 | Gag Resolution | Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives | 118 | |
| 5736324750 | American Colonization Society | created in 1817, its purpose was to transport Blacks back to Africa. | 119 | |
| 5736324751 | John Tyler | successor to William H. Harrison, a Whig; Southern Democrat beliefs. Didn't really have a party/ lack of support. | 120 | |
| 5736324752 | Winfield Scott | "Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War. Nominated for president for the Whigs in 1852. | 121 | |
| 5736324753 | Zachary Taylor | general who fought in the Mexican American War who was later nominated for president by the Whigs in 1848. | 122 | |
| 5736324754 | James K. Polk | Democratic president after John Tyler who was best known for Manifest Destiny. | 123 | |
| 5736324755 | David Walker | a black abolitionist who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 and called for a bloody end to white supremacy. | 124 | |
| 5736324756 | David Wilmont | a member of Congress from Pennsylvania, called for a law to ban slavery in any territories won from Mexico [Wilmont Proviso]. | 125 | |
| 5736324757 | John C. Fremont | an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. | 126 | |
| 5736324758 | Manifest Destiny | a concept that the United States was defined to expand across the continent and get as much land as possible. | 127 | |
| 5736324759 | Webster-Ashburton Treaty | (1842) this treaty settled the northern boundary of Maine; signed between the United States and Great Britain; also settled the boundary of the United States and Canada near Lake Superior and joint occupation of Oregon. | 128 | |
| 5736324760 | "Conscience" Whigs | anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds. | 129 | |
| 5736324761 | Bear Flag Revolt | (1846) a revolt that took place during the Mexican American War when 500 Americans (Anglos) in Mexican California took the city of Sonoma, CA in the spirit of Manifest Destiny and declared California to be an independent nation | 130 | |
| 5736324762 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | treaty negotiated on February 2, 1848 ending the Mexican-American War that a) gave America all Mexican territory from Texas to California that was north of the Rio Grande; b) US only paid $15 million to Mexico; c) $3.5 million in debt from Mexico to US was absolved | 131 | |
| 5736324763 | Californios | descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California. | 132 | |
| 5736324764 | Liberty Party | a former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848. | 133 | |
| 5736324765 | Wilmot Proviso | proposal that stated that slavery would not exist in any of the Mexican Cession territories. Never passed in the Senate, but opened discussion on slavery once again. | 134 | |
| 5736324767 | Stephen A. Douglas | a moderate who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. He also ran against Abe Lincoln for a senate seat and the presidency. | 135 | |
| 5736324768 | John C. Calhoun | senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact. | 136 | |
| 5736324769 | Martin Van Buren | ... | 137 | |
| 5736324770 | Daniel Webster | senator from the North who opposed the expansion of slavery. In his "Seventh of March" speech, he called for the North to compromise. | 138 | |
| 5736324771 | Matthew C. Perry | military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan. | 139 | |
| 5736324773 | Henry Clay | the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas. Ran for president for the Whigs against Polk. | 140 | |
| 5736324774 | Filibustering | trying to declare independence of one's own nation/ take over Spanish territory. | 141 | |
| 5736324775 | Free Soil Party | party that emerged in 1848 when many Notherners were upset that neither party took a position on the expansion of slavery. They nominated Martin Van Buren. They were against the expansion of slavery and supported the American System. | 142 | |
| 5736324776 | Fugitive Slave Law | law that required Notherners to "round up" runaway slaves and ship them back South. | 143 | |
| 5736324777 | Underground Railroad | secret route that led many slaves to freedom in the North and eventually Canada. | 144 | |
| 5736324778 | Compromise of 1850 | compromise between the North and South in which the North received a) the admission of California as a free state; b) loss of slave trade in DC. The South received a) popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands; b) a stricter Fugitive Slave Act | 145 | |
| 5736324780 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | an act proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas that stated that slavery in Kansas and Nebraska would be decided by popular sovereignty. It repealed the Missouri Compromise. | 146 | |
| 5736324782 | John Brown | man who led a group of followers to Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856, killing 5 pro-slaveryites | 147 | |
| 5736324783 | Charles Sumner | Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas. | 148 | |
| 5736324784 | Dred Scott | slave who sued for his freedom after his master took him to live in free states for several years. Appealed by the Supreme Court, what was decided was: no slave could be a citizen of the US, legislature/Congress could not outlaw slavery because property cannot be taken without due process, and Missouri Compromise deemed unconstitutional. | 149 | |
| 5736324785 | Roger Taney | chief justice of the Supreme Court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional. | 150 | |
| 5736324786 | John C. Breckenridge | southern Democrat presidential nomination in 1860. | 151 | |
| 5736324787 | John Bell | "Know-Nothing" Party presidential candidate in 1860. | 152 | |
| 5736324788 | Abraham Lincoln | politician who debtated Stephen Douglas and was nominated for the presidency by the Republican party in 1860. Inaugurated as president on March 4, 1861 | 153 | |
| 5736324789 | Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederate States of America | 154 | |
| 5736324792 | Lecompton Constitution | constitution written in Kansas by pro-slaveryites that stated that people were only allowed to vote for the consitution "with slavery" or "without slavery". Even if the constitution was voted to be without slavery, current slaveholders were allowed to stay. | 155 | |
| 5736324793 | "Bleeding Kansas" | nickname for the violent uprisings in Kansas between pro-slaveryites and abolitionists | 156 | |
| 5736324794 | Know-Nothing Party (American Party) | party created during the 1856 election run by Nativists who were anti-Catholic and anti-foreign. | 157 | |
| 5736324795 | Panic of 1857 | economic panic due to California gold inflation, over-growth of grain, and over-speculation. Affected the North more than the South. | 158 | |
| 5736324796 | Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 | 159 | |
| 5736324797 | Freeport Doctrine | doctrine that stated that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down since power was held by the people. | 160 | |
| 5736324798 | Harpers Ferry Raid | John Brown planned to free slaves by taking over an arsenal, giving weapons to slaves, and encouraging them to revolt. He was captured by the US Marines under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee. Brown was hanged and became a symbol of martyrdom for abolitionists. | 161 | |
| 5736324799 | Constitutional Union Party | name for the Know-Nothing Party during the election of 1860 with John Bell as its nominee. Its platform simply offered the Constitution. | 162 | |
| 5736324801 | Bleeding Summer | when Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusets denounced "the crime against kansas" in a widely publicized speech, a member of congress from south carolina, Preston Brooks, attacked him on the senate floor and beat him with a cane. | 163 | |
| 5736324803 | Morrill Tariff Act | act that increased tariff rates by 5-10%. | 164 | |
| 5736324804 | Draft Riots | uprisings in response to the draft; poor people were angered by the fact that the rich could buy a substitute. | 165 | |
| 5736324806 | Border States | Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland | 166 | |
| 5736324807 | Fort Sumter | Union fort in South Carolina. When Lincoln sent provisions to the fort, SC soldiers opened fire on the fort. Soldiers in the fort surrendered. | 167 | |
| 5736324810 | Andrew Johnson | 17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. | 168 | |
| 5736324811 | John Wilkes Booth | Southerner who assasinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865 | 169 | |
| 5736324812 | Robert E. Lee | general of the Confederate Army. | 170 | |
| 5736324813 | Ulysses S. Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | 171 | |
| 5736324814 | George B. McClellan | first commander of the Army of the Potomac | 172 | |
| 5736324815 | William T. Sherman | a successful Union general who implemented the tactic of "total war" in order to defeat the South. Led successful military campaign to conquer Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. | 173 | |
| 5736324816 | Merrimack (the Virginia) | old wooden U.S. warship that the Confederacy plated with old iron railroad rails. Won battles. Destroyed to save it from the advancing Union troops | 174 | |
| 5736324817 | Monitor | an iron-clad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimac | 175 | |
| 5736324818 | Emancipation Proclamation | (1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 | 176 | |
| 5736324819 | Thirteenth Amendment | the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. | 177 | |
| 5736324820 | Copperheads | nickname for Northerners who were Pro-Confederacy | 178 | |
| 5736324821 | First Battle of Bull Run | (July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence. | 179 | |
| 5736324822 | Battle of Antietam | (September 1862) bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Win of a kind for the Union because they prevented the Confederates from invading Maryland. | 180 | |
| 5736324823 | Battle of Gettysburg | (1863) this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war. | 181 | |
| 5736324824 | Battle of Vicksburg | (1863) Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins. | 182 | |
| 5736324825 | Gettysburg Address | (1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights | 183 | |
| 5736324827 | Thaddeus Stevens | radical Congressman from PA who defended runaway slaves in court for free and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery; hated white Southerners. Leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. | 184 | |
| 5736324828 | Freedmen's Bureau | welfare agency created by Congress on March 5, 1865 to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freed blacks and white refugees. It was headed by Oliver O. Howard. Expired in 1872 due to a lack of support from white supremacist President Johnson. | 185 | |
| 5736324830 | Wade-Davis Bill | bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln. | 186 | |
| 5736324831 | 10 Percent Plan | Lincoln's plan for re-admitting the Southern states into the Union: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. | 187 | |
| 5736324832 | Moderate/ Radical Republicans | Divergence in the Republican party in which one side wanted to re-admit the Southern states swiftly on Congress's terms and the other wanted the Southerners to atone for their sins against the US and freed blacks to be protected by the Federal government. | 188 | |
| 5736324833 | Black Codes | laws designed to regulate the affairs of the newly emancipated blacks. | 189 | |
| 5736324834 | Sharecropping | A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites who worked the land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Renters did this in such a way that the farmers were always in debt and therefore tied to the land. | 190 | |
| 5736324835 | Civil Rights Act | a bill passed in March 1866 which gave blacks American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. | 191 | |
| 5736324836 | Fourteenth Amendment | amendment drawn from the Civil Rights Act that a) granted citizenship, excluded right to vote, to freedmen; b) reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot; c) disqualified ex-confederate officers from running for public office; and d) guaranteed the federal debt. | 192 | |
| 5736324837 | "Swing Around the Circle" | a disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by President Andrew Johnson summer of 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took. | 193 | |
| 5736324838 | Fifteenth Amendment | ratified in 1870, extended suffrage to adult male blacks. | 194 | |
| 5736324839 | Redeemers | largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. | 195 | |
| 5736324840 | Scalawags | nickname for Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs. Ex-Confederates accused them of plundering treasuries of the Southern states. | 196 | |
| 5736324841 | Carpetbaggers | nickname for Northerners who were accused of packing all of their goods into a carpetbag at war's end and moving South to seek personal power and profit, when in reality they wished to help modernize the "New South". | 197 | |
| 5736324842 | Ku Klux Klan | the "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks to "keep them in their place". | 198 | |
| 5736324843 | Force Acts | laws that banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Also banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws. | 199 | |
| 5736324844 | Tenure of Office Act | (1867) law requiring the president to secure the consent of the senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body. | 200 |
