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| 5729566729 | maize cultivation | The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans. | 0 | |
| 5729566735 | Cultural autonomy | Freedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control i.g. The Christianization of the natives took away there Cultural autonomy | 1 | |
| 5729566736 | great basin | Desert area with no drainage to the ocean |  | 2 |
| 5729566737 | agricultural economy | economy based on the production of crops | 3 | |
| 5729566738 | spanish exploration | Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god | 4 | |
| 5729566739 | encomienda system | A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity. | 5 | |
| 5729566742 | great plains | The open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback | 6 | |
| 5729566743 | permanent villages | The settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture | 7 | |
| 5729566745 | slave labor | Forced labor of people considered property by the people in charge | 8 | |
| 5729566748 | Colombian exchange | the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills |  | 9 |
| 5729566749 | Manifest Destiny | A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. |  | 10 |
| 5729566750 | Louis O'Sullivan | Coined the term Manifest Destiny in a newspaper article | 11 | |
| 5729566755 | California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government |  | 12 |
| 5729566756 | Mexican American War | 1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land. |  | 13 |
| 5729566757 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | (1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected |  | 14 |
| 5729566759 | popular sovereignty | A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. | 15 | |
| 5729566760 | Kansas Nebraska Act | 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. |  | 16 |
| 5729566761 | Free "Soiler" | People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories |  | 17 |
| 5729566762 | Republican Party | 1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free "Soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories |  | 18 |
| 5729566763 | Stephen A Douglas | Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine |  | 19 |
| 5729566764 | Freeport Doctrine | Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so |  | 20 |
| 5729566765 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) |  | 21 |
| 5729566766 | secession | Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation |  | 22 |
| 5729566767 | Dred Scott Decision | A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. |  | 23 |
| 5729566768 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. | 24 | |
| 5729566769 | Sectionalism | Loyalty to a region |  | 25 |
| 5729566770 | John Brown's Raid | Began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion. |  | 26 |
| 5729566799 | Second Great Awakenings | Began in the early decades of the 19th century. Partly a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. It affected all sections of the country, but in the northern states it touched off social reform that drove the reform movements of this period. (p. 207) |  | 27 |
| 5729566800 | market revolution | Starting in the early 19th century, this revolution produced vast economic growth. Farmers fed the workers in the cities, the cities provided farm families with an array of mass produced goods. |  | 28 |
| 5729566801 | Thomas Jefferson | He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams, reduced the size of the military. He eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. |  | 29 |
| 5729566807 | Nullification Crisis | In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. This was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Andrew Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina and a compromise was reached. |  | 30 |
| 5729566808 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. |  | 31 |
| 5729566809 | cotton gin | This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed to pick cotton in the fields. |  | 32 |
| 5729566811 | William Lloyd Garrison | Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator." | 33 | |
| 5729566812 | Lucretia Mott | Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery. | 34 | |
| 5729566813 | Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity | After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. |  | 35 |
| 5729566814 | Sectionalism: The North | Largely urban population that worked in factories. | 36 | |
| 5729566815 | Sectionalism: The South | Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850. | 37 | |
| 5729566816 | Sectionalism: The West | Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others. | 38 | |
| 5729566817 | Democratic-Republicans | Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion. | 39 | |
| 5729566819 | National Republicans | Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements. | 40 | |
| 5729566820 | Whigs | Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson. | 41 | |
| 5729566826 | Missouri Compromise | An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30. |  | 42 |
| 5729566828 | Nat Turner Rebellion | In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt. |  | 43 |
| 5729566829 | Marbury v. Madison | Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review. |  | 44 |
| 5729566830 | American System | Henry Clay, a leader in the House of Representatives proposed this system to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements |  | 45 |
| 5729566831 | The Lowell Mill Factory | The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. The were housed in company dormitories near the mills. |  | 46 |
| 5729566832 | Seneca Falls Convention | In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. |  | 47 |
| 5729566833 | Transcendentalists | They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. |  | 48 |
| 5729566834 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | In 1799, Democratic-Republican leaders passed resolutions in two state legislatures that challenged federal laws enacted by the Federalist party. The states argued that they had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. |  | 49 |
| 5729566835 | Trail of Tears | In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march. |  | 50 |
| 5729566836 | Hartford Convention (1814) | In December 1814, a special convention was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. |  | 51 |
| 5729566848 | Worcester v. Georgia | Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States. | 52 | |
| 5729566850 | The Tariff of 1828 | Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing. | 53 | |
| 5729566851 | Force Bill | Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession. | 54 | |
| 5729566853 | Henry Clay | Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks (face it the most awesome historical figure after the death of GW) | 55 | |
| 5729566856 | Abolitionist | A person who strongly favors doing away with slavery | 56 | |
| 5729566858 | Fredrick Douglass | American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published an autobiography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. | 57 | |
| 5729566859 | Horace Mann | A leader of educational reform, he became the head of the Massachusetts Board Of Education in 1837; he lengthened the school year to six months, doubled teachers' salaries, and improved curriculum and teacher training | 58 | |
| 5729566860 | Harriet Tubman | United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) | 59 | |
| 5729566863 | Soujourner Truth | From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. Former slave, also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights. | 60 | |
| 5729566864 | Suffrage | Term that refers to the right to vote. The most controversial issue at the Seneca Fall Convention. | 61 | |
| 5729566865 | Susan B. Anthony | A leader in the struggle for women's rights, she advocated equal pay for women, college training for girls, coeducation, and women's right to vote. She continued the suffrage movement until her death in 1906. | 62 | |
| 5729566866 | Temperance movement | A crusade that used lectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies to warn people of dangers of alcohol | 63 | |
| 5729566868 | Second Great Awakening | a religious revival that started in the early 19th century and ended in the mid 1800s. It inspired social reforms and a change in music, art, and literature. | 64 | |
| 5729566869 | Dorothea Dix | She advocated for Asylum reform, rather than placing mentally and physically disabled persons in regular prisons | 65 | |
| 5729566870 | Charles Finney | A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals. | 66 | |
| 5729566871 | Hudson River School | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River | 67 | |
| 5729566873 | transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. | 68 | |
| 5729566874 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom; prime example of a transcendentalist; "Nature" & "Self-Reliance" | 69 | |
| 5729566875 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. | 70 | |
| 5729566877 | James Forten | An African American business leader and abolitionist who owned a sailmaking company and was active in the Underground Railroad | 71 | |
| 5729566878 | American Colonization Society | Organization established with the goal of transporting free blacks to a colony in Africa; founded Liberia in 1821-22 | 72 | |
| 5729566879 | Elijah Lovejoy | American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views | 73 | |
| 5729566880 | Richard Allen | An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church | 74 | |
| 5729566881 | John Marshall | created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the Supreme Court. Supported Federalists. | 75 | |
| 5729566886 | National Road | The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West. | 76 | |
| 5729566888 | Washington's farewell address | Warns against sectionalism and foreign affairs, wants everyone to stay strong as a nation. Encourages things written by Hamilton | 77 | |
| 5729566889 | Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) | 78 | |
| 5729566892 | Republican Motherhood | Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women | 79 | |
| 5729566893 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | 80 | |
| 5729566894 | republican government | System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare. | 81 | |
| 5729566898 | Seven Year' War | A war between New France and the British. The reason this war started was because New England wasn't allowed to cross the Allegheny mountains and this made them mad. Also there were small fights at the border but other than those two things there countries were supposed to be at peace. | 82 | |
| 5729566901 | natural rights | the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property | 83 | |
| 5729566902 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | 84 | |
| 5729566908 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | 85 | |
| 5729566909 | mercantilism | Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism. | 86 | |
| 5729566918 | First Continental Congress | The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system. | 87 | |
| 5729566920 | Second Continental Congress | Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition. | 88 | |
| 5729566921 | Lexington and Concord | April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord) | 89 | |
| 5729566922 | Common Sense | 1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation | 90 | |
| 5729566925 | Treaty of Paris, 1783 | agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country | 91 | |
| 5729566927 | state constitutions | States wrote a new constitution to replace their colonial charters after they declared independence. Most called for bicameral legislature and a governor (usually one year term for elected officials). You had to own property or pay a certain amount of tax to vote. Individual liberties protected people (including freedom of religion), but did not separate church and state. | 92 | |
| 5729566928 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) | 93 | |
| 5729566939 | Bill of Rights | Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens. | 94 | |
| 5729566941 | Bank of the United States | Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day. | 95 | |
| 5729566942 | strict/loose interpretation | strict interpretation: whatever is not mentioned specifically in the Constitution cannot be done loose interpretation: A broad way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the Federal Government to take actions that the Constitution doesn't forbid it from taking. Favored by Alexander Hamilton as a way of creating the National Bank. | 96 | |
| 5729566944 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | 97 | |
| 5729566945 | Jay's Treaty, 1794 | Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory | 98 | |
| 5729566947 | Farewell Address, 1796 | 1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations | 99 | |
| 5729566951 | Jamestown | 1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607. |  | 100 |
| 5729566952 | John Smith | A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives. |  | 101 |
| 5729566953 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack. |  | 102 |
| 5729566955 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony |  | 103 |
| 5729566956 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. |  | 104 |
| 5729566965 | Headright system | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. |  | 105 |
| 5729566987 | Ben Franklin | A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution |  | 106 |
| 5729566988 | Great Awakening | (1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution. |  | 107 |
| 5729566989 | Jonathan Edwards | A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day. |  | 108 |
| 5729566990 | African American Culture | Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes. |  | 109 |
| 5729566949 | George Whitfield | English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies |  | 110 |
| 5729731136 | Iroquois confederation | An elaborate organization of the mid-15th century that included at least five nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Mohawk. Important because it shows the Indians had a diverse and organized political, social and economic structure and were not savages as the Europeans considered them. | 111 | |
| 5729741708 | Federalist Party | A political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade. | 112 |
