Chapters 36-40
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| 6497047396 | Taft-Hartley Act | Outlawed "closed" (all-union) shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath | 0 | |
| 6497047398 | GI Bill | (Also known as GI Bill of Rights/ Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) Sent former soilders to school to help them further their education. | 1 | |
| 6497047400 | Sunbelt | fifteen-state area that when from Virginia, through Florida and Texas, to Arizona and California. It increased population rate nearly double | 2 | |
| 6497047401 | Levittown | Started on New York's Long Island in the 1940s. Many builders revolutionized the techniques of home construction. | 3 | |
| 6497047402 | baby boom | huge leap in the birthrate in the decade and a half after 1945. More than 50 million babies were born by the end of the 1950s. | 4 | |
| 6497047406 | United Nations (U.N.) | an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security | 5 | |
| 6497047410 | Truman Doctrine | President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology | 6 | |
| 6497047411 | Marshall Plan | United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) | 7 | |
| 6497047412 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | signed April 4, 1949. twelve original signatories pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all and promised to respond with "armed forces if necessary. | 8 | |
| 6497047413 | House Un-American Activites Committee (HUAC) | The House Committee on Un-American Activities was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda, | 9 | |
| 6497047414 | Fair Deal | Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing | 10 | |
| 6497047416 | Korean War | The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. | 11 | |
| 6497047417 | The Feminine Mystique | Classic feminist protest literature, written by Betty Friedan, that helped launch the modern women's movement; an indictment of the "stifling boredom" of suburban housewifery. | 12 | |
| 6497047420 | McCarthyism | Term for the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear that a democratic society can unleash; refers to the ruthless red-hunting of Senator McCarthy, who destroyed countless careers by feeding on the America's fears of communist infiltration, damaging the American traditions of fair play and free speech. | 13 | |
| 6497047422 | Jim Crow Laws | Rigid set of antiquated segregation laws that governed all aspects of southern blacks' existence, keeping them economically inferior and politically powerless. | 14 | |
| 6497047423 | Montgomery bus boycott | Yearlong boycott sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks for violating the city's Jim Crow statues by sitting in the "whites only" section of a city bus. | 15 | |
| 6497047424 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas | Unanimous Supreme Court decision which ruled that segregation in public schools was "inherently unequal" and thus unconstitutional and that desegregation should go ahead with "all deliberate speed"; reversed the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson decision that had ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were allowable under the Constitution. | 16 | |
| 6497047425 | Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) | Formed in 1960 by impassioned southern black students to give more focus and force to the wave of "sit-in" protests organized to compel equal treatment in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing, and voter registration; members lost patience with the tactics of Dr. King's SCLC and the NAACP. | 17 | |
| 6497047427 | Federal Highway Act of 1956 | Act that authorized a $27 billion public works project to build 42,000 miles of modern, multilane roads across the nation; created countless jobs but speed up sub-urbanization, with disastrous consequences for cities; also led to concerns about environmental impact and energy consumption. | 18 | |
| 6497047431 | Suez crisis | When Egyptian president Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, British, French, and Israeli forces staged a joint assault on Egypt, cutting off Western Europe's oil supply; when the United States, who had been kept in the dark about the plan, refused to release emergency oil supplies, the allies were compelled to withdraw troops and the United Nations was forced to intervene. | 19 | |
| 6497047432 | OPrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countires (OPEC) | Organization formed by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela in 1960 to protect their oil interests; developed a stranglehold on the Western economies over the next two decades, as America went from being an "oil power" to becoming a net oil importer. | 20 | |
| 6497047433 | Sputnik | Soviet satellite launched into orbit in 1957, astounding the world and rattling America's self-confidence regarding scientific superiority and military security; Eisenhower established NASA and set aside billions for missile development. | 21 | |
| 6497047435 | New Frontier | President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care | 22 | |
| 6497047436 | Peace Corps | a federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructire, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world | 23 | |
| 6497047438 | Berlin Wall | fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Permier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West; until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds | 24 | |
| 6497047440 | Bay of Pigs invasion | CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power; the mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in JFK's presidency | 25 | |
| 6497047441 | Cuban missle crisis | standoff between JFK and Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in American's favor and represented a foreign policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superowers perilously close to brink of nuclear confrontation | 26 | |
| 6497047442 | Freedom Riders | organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement | 27 | |
| 6497047444 | March on Washington | massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech | 28 | |
| 6497047445 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment | 29 | |
| 6497047446 | affrimation action | program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education, the term grew from an executive order issued by JFK in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices. In the 1960s, President Nixon's Philadelphia Plan changed the meaning of administrative action to require attention to certain groups, rather protect indiviudals against discrimination | 30 | |
| 6497047447 | Great Society | President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic agenda that was billed as a successor to the New Deal, it aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty, including programs such as the War on Poverty (expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor). Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots level | 31 | |
| 6497047448 | Freedom Summer | a voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by the collaboration of civil rights groups, the campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists | 32 | |
| 6497047449 | Mississippi Freedom Democratic party | political party organized by civil rights activists to challenge Mississippi's delegation to the Democratic National Convention, who opposed the civil rights planks in the party's platform. Claiming a mandate to represent the true voice of Mississippi, where almost no black citizens could vote, it demanded to be seated at the convention but were denied by party bosses. The effort was both a setback to civil rights activism in the south and a motivation to continue to struggle for black voting rights | 33 | |
| 6497047450 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal | 34 | |
| 6497047451 | Black Panther party | organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964-1965 | 35 | |
| 6497047456 | Vietnamization | policy of equipping and training of the South Vietnamese to fight for themselves | 36 | |
| 6497047457 | Nixon Doctrine | the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid | 37 | |
| 6497047459 | My Lai Massacre | In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War. | 38 | |
| 6497047460 | Kent State University | shooting of students(protesting invasion of cambodia) by members of the Ohio National Guard | 39 | |
| 6497047461 | pentagon Papers | 1971 story leaked by a Pentagon official to the NY Times that documented the blunders and deceptions of Kennedy and Johnson administrations which provoked the North Vietnameses attack on Tonkin in 1964. | 40 | |
| 6497047462 | detente | Era of relaxed tension between the two Communist powers China and USSR which produced several agreements in 1972. | 41 | |
| 6497047465 | environmental Portection Agency (EPA) | A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement. | 42 | |
| 6497047468 | War Powers Act | Law passed by Congress limiting the President's ability to wage war without Congressional approval. The act required the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict. An important consequence of the Vietnam War, this piece of legislation sought to reduce the President's unilateral authority in military matters. | 43 | |
| 6497047469 | Watergate | Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election. | 44 | |
| 6497047471 | Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress in 1972, a concerted grassroots campaign by anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution. | 45 | |
| 6497047472 | Roe v. Wade | Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement. | 46 | |
| 6497047474 | Salt II | Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. | 47 | |
| 6497047475 | Iranian hostage crisis | The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president | 48 | |
| 6497047478 | perestroika | An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union. Intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy. | 49 | |
| 6497047483 | Marshall Plan | -give financial aid to western europe (mainly west germany, britain, and france) | 50 |
