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| 9680096979 | People's (Populist) Party | An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement. |  | 0 |
| 9680096980 | Frederick Jackson Turner | The Significance of the Frontier on American History argued that the frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. |  | 1 |
| 9680096981 | assimilation | the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group |  | 2 |
| 9680096982 | railroad expansion | led to the destruction of the way of life for American Indians in the West |  | 3 |
| 9680096983 | Gilded Age | The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress. |  | 4 |
| 9680096984 | Social Darwinism | Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century. |  | 5 |
| 9680096985 | economic competition | horizontal integration of American industry was primarily a response to |  | 6 |
| 9680096986 | Gospel of Wealth | An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. |  | 7 |
| 9680096987 | Jane Addams | A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. |  | 8 |
| 9680096988 | Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |  | 9 |
| 9680096989 | rebate | a return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services |  | 10 |
| 9680096990 | free enterprise | an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; associated with laissez-faire capitalism |  | 11 |
| 9680096991 | trust | A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other. a.k.a. -- monopoly |  | 12 |
| 9680096992 | Gospel of Wealth | "This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth; to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgement, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community--the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer, brethren." This passage is characteristic of . . . |  | 13 |
| 9680096993 | plutocracy | government by the wealthy |  | 14 |
| 9680096994 | new immigrants | began coming to the U.S. in 1890 from eastern and southern Europe; faced discrimination |  | 15 |
| 9680096995 | railroad expansion | opened new territories to commercial agriculture; was often capitalized beyond what was needed; led to new managerial forms and techniques; accelerated the growth of some older cities and created new ones |  | 16 |
| 9680096996 | socialist | one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations |  | 17 |
| 9680096997 | lockout | the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms |  | 18 |
| 9680096998 | cooperative | an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits |  | 19 |
| 9680096999 | anarchist | one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle |  | 20 |
| 9680097000 | American Federation of Labor | Samuel Gompers organized skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains. |  | 21 |
| 9680097001 | tenement | a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded |  | 22 |
| 9680097002 | horizontal and vertical integration | a business practice used by robber barons to increase economic profits |  | 23 |
| 9680097003 | Gilded Age | During this time period, business activity expanded and contracted frequently. |  | 24 |
| 9680097004 | despotism | government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler |  | 25 |
| 9680097005 | American Federation of Labor | endorsed the philosophy of "bread and butter" unionism by concentrating on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions |  | 26 |
| 9680097006 | sweatshop | employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages in a small, poorly ventilated area of the garment industry |  | 27 |
| 9680097007 | discriminatory freight rates | American farmers united in the Grange and Populist movement to protest |  | 28 |
| 9680097008 | tycoon | a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position |  | 29 |
| 9680097009 | Sherman Antitrust Act | Initially developed to curb corporate power, it was later used in the late 19th century to curb the power of labor unions (which the courts ruled were illegal combinations). |  | 30 |
| 9680097010 | prohibition | forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor |  | 31 |
| 9680097011 | filibuster | to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments |  | 32 |
| 9680097012 | American Federation of Labor | a labor organization that focused on bread and butter unionism by only allowing skilled workers |  | 33 |
| 9680097013 | landslide | an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election |  | 34 |
| 9680097014 | sewing machine | an invention that made mass manufacturing of clothing possible and clothing more affordable | | 35 |
| 9680097015 | reserve | in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans |  | 36 |
| 9680097016 | very little | The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 initially had what kind of impact on the regulation of large corporations? | | 37 |
| 9680097017 | bimetallism | the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement |  | 38 |
| 9680097018 | lobbyist | someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay |  | 39 |
| 9680097019 | economic panic and depression | The era from the end of the Civil War to the outbreak of the First World War was characterized by periodic what? |  | 40 |
| 9680097020 | John Muir | a preservationist who fought against companies exploiting public lands for their natural resources |  | 41 |
| 9680097021 | concession | a privilege granted by a government to another government, private company, or individual |  | 42 |
| 9680097022 | nation-state | the modern form of political organization in which the government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a distinctive culture, language, history, and so on |  | 43 |
| 9680097023 | Morrill Act | many states used the provisions of this act to establish new educational institutions |  | 44 |
| 9680097024 | jingoist | aggressively patriotic and warlike |  | 45 |
| 9680097025 | Star Route Frauds | involved the collection of payments for delivering federal mail to routes that had been long abandoned |  | 46 |
| 9680097026 | Civil Rights Cases of 1883 (a single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems) | Legalized segregation with regard to private property. |  | 47 |
| 9680097027 | settlement houses | Large numbers of middle-class and college-educated women of the late 19th c and early 20th century volunteered their time |  | 48 |
| 9680097028 | Wabash v. Illinois (1886) | Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional. |  | 49 |
| 9680097029 | U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) | Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies. |  | 50 |
| 9680097030 | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |  | 51 |
| 9680097031 | Frontier Thesis | the west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over | | 52 |
| 9680097032 | American cities | transportation systems expanded; municipal reform led to "scientific government;" corrupt alliances existed between machine politicians and transit and utility interests; settlement houses and churches helped the urban poor |  | 53 |
| 9680097033 | Land Grants | land given by government to universities and railroad companies | | 54 |
| 9680097034 | Dawes Act | land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; meant to assimilate American Indians into maintainstream American culture |  | 55 |
| 9680097035 | Bureau of Indian Affairs | designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture |  | 56 |
| 9680097036 | Open Range | the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land |  | 57 |
| 9680097037 | federal government | regulated the nation's currency; granted subsides to encourage construction of railroads; promoted industrial growth by means of a tariff; regulated immigration |  | 58 |
| 9680097038 | Civil Service Reform Bill | created a list of government jobs to be filled on the basis of examinations administered by the new Civil Service Commission; first step in the direction of a more professional, small group of government workers |  | 59 |
| 9680097039 | Vertical Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel) | | 60 |
| 9680097040 | Crédit Mobilier | a sham railroad corporation set up to secure huge grants and then protecting the scam by paying off members of Congress |  | 61 |
| 9680097041 | inadequate water and sewer systems | The most persistent problem facing municipalities in the U.S. throughout the last quarter of the 19th c |  | 62 |
| 9680097042 | Horizontal Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil) | | 63 |
| 9680097043 | Jacob Riis | author of How the Other Half Lives who worked to document the impact of low wages and industrialization on workers; he inspired people to become involved in the Progressive movement |  | 64 |
| 9680097044 | poor sanitation and inadequate clean water | most basic problem of people living in cities | 65 | |
| 9680097045 | Battle of Little Big Horn | Custer's defeat during the second Sioux War |  | 66 |
| 9680097046 | Knights of Labor | American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals. |  | 67 |
| 9680097047 | Haymarket Riot | Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor. |  | 68 |
| 9680097048 | American Federation of Labor | An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor). |  | 69 |
| 9680097049 | second Sioux War | Causes included overland migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest; the gold rush in the Black Hills; extension of the route of the Northern Pacific Railroad; concentrated effort of major Protestant denominations to convert the Sioux to Christianity |  | 70 |
| 9680097050 | Homestead and Pullman Strikes | Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business. |  | 71 |
| 9680097051 | transcontinental railroad | led to economic growth and the expansion of markets |  | 72 |
| 9680097052 | Urbanization | movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities |  | 73 |
| 9680097053 | "New Immigrants" | immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century | | 74 |
| 9680097054 | A Century of Dishonor | Helen Hunt Jackson raised public awareness by writing about the wrongs that the federal government had inflicted on American Indians |  | 75 |
| 9680097055 | Chinese Exclusion Act | First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII. |  | 76 |
| 9680097056 | Political Machine | Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations |  | 77 |
| 9680097057 | among individual members | A significant change in the treatment of American Indians during the last half of the 19th c involved division of tribal lands among |  | 78 |
| 9680097058 | Tammany Hall | Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed |  | 79 |
| 9680097059 | Pendelton Civil Service Act | Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause. |  | 80 |
| 9680097060 | Sherman Antitrust Act | Outlawed monopolistic business practices; not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it. |  | 81 |
| 9680097061 | Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance | Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement. |  | 82 |
| 9680097062 | William Jennings Bryan | Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold". |  | 83 |
| 9680097063 | Seward's Folly | Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase. |  | 84 |
| 9680097064 | Dawes Act | The intent was to assimilate Americans Indians into mainstream American culture. |  | 85 |
| 9680097065 | Susan B. Anthony | Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. |  | 86 |
| 9680097066 | Pendleton Act | Formally known as the Civil Service Reform Bill, it was prompted by the assassination of President Garfield | | 87 |
| 9680097067 | nativists | preference for native-born Americans over immigrants |  | 88 |
| 9680097068 | Laissez-Faire Economics | This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution. |  | 89 |
| 9680097069 | New South | After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow. |  | 90 |
| 9680097070 | Turner thesis | "From the beginning of the settlement of America, the frontier regions have exercised a steady influence toward democracy. . . . American democracy is fundamentally the outcome of the experience of the American people in dealing with the West. . . ." |  | 91 |
| 9680097071 | Americanization | Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship. |  | 92 |
| 9680097072 | middle class | a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers |  | 93 |
| 9680097073 | Interstate Commerce Act | Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it. |  | 94 |
| 9680097074 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. |  | 95 |
| 9680097075 | transcontinental railroads | a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution |  | 96 |
| 9680097076 | the existence of cheap unsettled land | In his interpretation of the historical development of the United States, Frederick Jackson Turner focused on the importance of |  | 97 |
| 9680097077 | Progressives | Reformers who supported laws against child labor, use of scientific methods to solve social problems, more attention to sanitation, and expansion of women's rights. They wanted to address social problems associated with industrialization. |  | 98 |
| 9680097078 | Social Gospel | Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement. |  | 99 |
| 9680097079 | Standard Oil | John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. |  | 100 |
| 9680097080 | Carnegie Steel | A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations. |  | 101 |
| 9680097081 | Hull | One of the first settlement houses that assisted immigrants to adapt to American customs and language. |  | 102 |
| 9680097082 | western farmers | high interest rates; high freight rates; high storage costs; large middlemen profits were all complaints of | | 103 |
| 9680097083 | John D. Rockefeller | Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government. | | 104 |
| 9680097084 | western farmers | Much of William Jenning Bryan's support for president in 1896 came from this group. |  | 105 |
| 9680097085 | Whisky Ring | scandal involving President Grant's personal secretary who defrauded the government |  | 106 |
| 9680097086 | feeling that railroads were exploiting farmers | The most important cause of agrarian discontent in the U.S. in the late quarter of the 19th c |  | 107 |
| 9680097087 | Industrial Revolution | Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925. |  | 108 |
| 9680097088 | new immigrants | practiced different religions; were willing to work for lower wages than native-born workers; were unfamiliar with the American political system; had different languages and cultures | | 109 |
