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| 8723281513 | People's (Populist) Party | An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement. |  | 0 |
| 8723281514 | assimilation | the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group |  | 1 |
| 8723281515 | The Gilded Age | The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress. |  | 2 |
| 8723281516 | Social Darwinism | Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century. |  | 3 |
| 8723281517 | Gospel of Wealth | An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. |  | 4 |
| 8723281518 | Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |  | 5 |
| 8723281519 | racial segregation | the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home. |  | 6 |
| 8723281520 | trust | A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other. |  | 7 |
| 8723281521 | socialist | one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations |  | 8 |
| 8723281522 | radical | one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system |  | 9 |
| 8723281523 | anarchist | one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle |  | 10 |
| 8723281524 | tenement | a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded |  | 11 |
| 8723281525 | prohibition | forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor |  | 12 |
| 8723281526 | lobbyist | someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay |  | 13 |
| 8723281527 | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |  | 14 |
| 8723281528 | Land Grants | land given by government to universities and railroad companies |  | 15 |
| 8723281529 | Dawes Act | land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land |  | 16 |
| 8723281530 | Open Range | the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land |  | 17 |
| 8723281531 | Vertical Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel) |  | 18 |
| 8723281532 | Horizontal Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil) | | 19 |
| 8723281533 | Knights of Labor | American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals. |  | 20 |
| 8723281534 | Haymarket Riot | Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor. |  | 21 |
| 8723281535 | American Federation of Labor | An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor). |  | 22 |
| 8723281536 | Homestead and Pullman Strikes | Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business. |  | 23 |
| 8723281537 | Urbanization | movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities |  | 24 |
| 8723281538 | "New Immigrants" | immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century |  | 25 |
| 8723281539 | Chinese Exclusion Act | First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII. |  | 26 |
| 8723281540 | Political Machine | Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations |  | 27 |
| 8723281541 | Tammany Hall | Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed |  | 28 |
| 8723281542 | Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance | Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement. |  | 29 |
| 8723281543 | William Jennings Bryan | Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold". |  | 30 |
| 8723281544 | New South | After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow. |  | 31 |
| 8723281545 | Americanization | Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship. |  | 32 |
| 8723281546 | middle class | a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers |  | 33 |
| 8723281547 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. |  | 34 |
| 8723281548 | transcontinental railroads | a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution |  | 35 |
| 8723281549 | Social Gospel | Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement. |  | 36 |
| 8723281550 | Standard Oil | John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. |  | 37 |
| 8723281551 | Carnegie Steel | A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations. |  | 38 |
| 8723281552 | John D. Rockefeller | Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government. | | 39 |
| 8723281553 | Industrial Revolution | Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925. |  | 40 |
| 8723302223 | J. P. Morgan | John Pierpont Morgan Sr. (April 17, 1837 - March 31, 1913) was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in the United States of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. | 41 | |
| 8723310940 | Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 | Banned discrimination in rates between short and long hauls. Required that railroads publish their rate schedules and file them with the government. Declare that all interstate rail rates must be reasonable and just. The act was successful as it made railroads subject to federal regulations | 42 | |
| 8723312936 | McKinley Tariff | The tariff became a law on October 1st, 1890 It boosted protective tariff rates by 50% for many American products The tariff also taxed foreign goods which made them more expensive The tariff was not recieved well by most Americans becuase it raised the costs of goods. | 43 | |
| 8723315930 | Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act | Following President Garfield's assassination now Chester A. Arthur decided to press for civil service reform 1883 The reformation act passed through Congress The act stressed the importance of competitive written examinations for government positions While it did not prove to be a great success initially the act did gradually improve its reach | 44 | |
| 8723317751 | Sherman Antitrust Act | Due to growing demands Congress passed the act in July 1890 Act was primarily symbolic so as to deflect public criticism but designed to not have any real effect on corporations The act was enforced but the extent of the punishments varied but ultimately the act resulted in rare convictions | 45 | |
| 8723320380 | Coxey's Army | Jacob's. Coxey an ohio quarry owner that Represented the populists and unemployed during the panic of 1893 Coxey proposed to create massive public work programs to create jobs for the unemployed. Coxey wasn't making any headway in congress which lead to his purpose for creating the army The 500 in Coxey's army were not advocating the same thing as Coxey but wanted a reason to band together Some members were civil war veterans not getting the pensions they were promised some were simply unemployed and needed a way to get a job of any kind and some were populist looking to take down the powerful railroad companies and set up their own forms of government they were pretty unorganized | 46 | |
| 8723343202 | Horatio Alger Jr. | (/ˈældʒər/; January 13, 1832 - July 18, 1899) was a prolific 19th-century American writer, best known for his many young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty. His writings were characterized by the "rags-to-riches" narrative, which had a formative effect on America during the Gilded Age. | 47 | |
| 8723345541 | William Jennings Bryan | (March 19, 1860 - July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States. He also served in the United States House of Representatives and as the United States Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people, he was often called "The Great Commoner".[2] | 48 | |
| 8723345542 | Samuel "Sam" Gompers | [1] (January 27, 1850 - December 13, 1924) was an English-born, American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as the organization's president from 1886 to 1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924. He promoted harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the AFL, trying to minimize jurisdictional battles. He promoted thorough organization and collective bargaining, to secure shorter hours and higher wages, the first essential steps, he believed, to emancipating labor. He also encouraged the AFL to take political action to "elect their friends" and "defeat their enemies". He mostly supported Democrats, but sometimes Republicans. He strongly opposed Socialists. During World War I, Gompers and the AFL openly supported the war effort, attempting to avert strikes and boost morale while raising wage rates and expanding membership. | 49 | |
| 8723346253 | John Muir | (/mjʊər/; April 21, 1838 - December 24, 1914)[1] also known as "John of the Mountains", was a Scottish-American[2][3] naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism has helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. The 211-mile (340 km) John Muir Trail, a hiking trail in the Sierra Nevada, was named in his honor.[4] Other such places include Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Mount Muir, Camp Muir, Muir Grove, and Muir Glacier. In Scotland, the John Muir Way, a 130-mile-long route, was named in honor of him. | 50 |
