AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1917
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| 9731308344 | Progressives | Most of this were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. They hoped to create an idealistic American society cured of its social, political, and economic ills. (p. 432) |  | 0 |
| 9731308345 | Pragmatism | In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433) |  | 1 |
| 9731308346 | John Dewey | He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433) |  | 2 |
| 9731308347 | Frederick W. Taylor | An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433) |  | 3 |
| 9731308348 | scientific management | A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433) |  | 4 |
| 9731308349 | Standard Oil Company | An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434) |  | 5 |
| 9731308350 | Lincoln Steffans | He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434) |  | 6 |
| 9731308351 | Ida Tarbell | A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434) |  | 7 |
| 9731308352 | Jacob Riis | In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434) |  | 8 |
| 9731308353 | direct primary | A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435) |  | 9 |
| 9731308354 | Robert La Follett | In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435) |  | 10 |
| 9731308355 | Seventeenth Amendment | In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435) |  | 11 |
| 9731308356 | initiative | This political reform allowed people to submit new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. (p. 435) |  | 12 |
| 9731308357 | referendum | A political reform by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. (p. 435) | 13 | |
| 9731308358 | recall | This political reform allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435) | 14 | |
| 9731308359 | Wisconsin Idea | A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436) |  | 15 |
| 9731308360 | regulatory commissions | Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436) |  | 16 |
| 9731308361 | Prohibition | By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437) |  | 17 |
| 9731308362 | National Child Labor Committee | They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437) |  | 18 |
| 9731308363 | compulsory school attendance | Many states passed these laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437) |  | 19 |
| 9731308364 | Florence Kelley | She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437) |  | 20 |
| 9731308365 | National Consumers' League | This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437) |  | 21 |
| 9731308366 | Lochner v. New York | A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437) |  | 22 |
| 9731308367 | Muller v. Oregon | A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437) |  | 23 |
| 9731308368 | Triangle Shirtwaist fire | In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437) |  | 24 |
| 9731308369 | Square Deal | Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438) |  | 25 |
| 9731308370 | trust-busting | President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438) |  | 26 |
| 9731308371 | "bad" trusts | According to President Theodore Roosevelt, these types of trusts harmed the public and stifled competition, and should be broken up. (p. 438) |  | 27 |
| 9731308372 | "good" trusts | According to President Theodore Roosevelt, these types of trusts dominated a market through efficiency and low prices, and should be regulated by the government rather than broken up. (p. 438) | 28 | |
| 9731308373 | Elkins Act | This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438) |  | 29 |
| 9731308374 | Hepburn Act | This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438) |  | 30 |
| 9731308375 | Upton Sinclair | He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438) |  | 31 |
| 9731308376 | Pure Food and Drug Act | This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438) |  | 32 |
| 9731308377 | Meat Inspection Act | This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439) |  | 33 |
| 9731308378 | Newlands Reclamation Act | A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439) |  | 34 |
| 9731308379 | Gifford Pinchot | First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439) |  | 35 |
| 9731308380 | Socialist Party of America | This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440) |  | 36 |
| 9731308381 | Eugene V. Debs | One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440) |  | 37 |
| 9731308382 | Bull Moose Party | Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441) |  | 38 |
| 9731308383 | New Nationalism | In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt called for more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. (p. 441) |  | 39 |
| 9731308384 | New Freedom | In the election of 1912, Woodrow Wilson supported limiting both big business and big government, bringing about reform by ending corruption, and reviving competition by supporting small business. | 40 | |
| 9731308385 | Mann-Elkins Act | This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432) |  | 41 |
| 9731308386 | Sixteenth Amendment | Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439) |  | 42 |
| 9731308387 | Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909 | In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440) |  | 43 |
| 9731308388 | Underwood Tariff | In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442) |  | 44 |
| 9731308389 | Federal Reserve Act | In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442) |  | 45 |
| 9731308390 | Federal Reserve Board | This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442) |  | 46 |
| 9731308391 | Clayton Antitrust Act | In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442) |  | 47 |
| 9731308392 | Federal Trade Commision | A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442) |  | 48 |
| 9731308393 | Federal Farm Loan Act | A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443) |  | 49 |
| 9731308394 | Booker T. Washington | This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443) |  | 50 |
| 9731308395 | W. E. B. Du Bois | This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444) |  | 51 |
| 9731308396 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444) |  | 52 |
| 9731308397 | National Urban League | Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444) |  | 53 |
| 9731308398 | Carrie Chapman Catt | A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445) |  | 54 |
| 9731308399 | National American Woman Suffrage Association | A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. They focused on winning the women's vote through state suffrage laws. (p. 445) |  | 55 |
| 9731308400 | Alice Paul | A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445) |  | 56 |
| 9731308401 | National Woman's party | In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445) |  | 57 |
| 9731308402 | Nineteenth Amendment | In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445) |  | 58 |
| 9731308403 | League of Woman Voters | Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445) |  | 59 |
| 9731308404 | Margaret Sanger | She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445) |  | 60 |
