ch 27 for ap bio (bacteria)
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| 9220125158 | peptidoglycan | A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. This molecular fabric encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other molecules that extend from its surface. |  | 0 |
| 9220125159 | Gram stain | A technique that allows scientists to categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition. |  | 1 |
| 9220125160 | Gram-positive | These bacteria tend to have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. |  | 2 |
| 9220125161 | Gram-negative | These bacteria tend to have less peptidoglycan, are more structurally complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded to lipids). |  | 3 |
| 9220125162 | capsule | A dense and well-defined sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes. |  | 4 |
| 9220125163 | fimbriae | hair-like appendages that allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one another. |  | 5 |
| 9220125164 | pili | Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other; tend to be longer and less numerous than fimbriae. |  | 6 |
| 9220125165 | nucleoid | A region of cytoplasm containing the prokaryote's genetic material; not enclosed by a membrane. |  | 7 |
| 9220125166 | plasmids | Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that only carry a few genes, found in prokaryotic cells, in addition to its single chromosome. |  | 8 |
| 9220125167 | transformation | The genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings. |  | 9 |
| 9220125168 | transduction | Phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. |  | 10 |
| 9220125169 | conjugation | DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined. In bacteria, the DNA transfer is always one-way: One cell donates the DNA, and the other receives it. |  | 11 |
