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| 5450404466 | three-field system | A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. |  | 0 |
| 5450365782 | water wheel | A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. |  | 1 |
| 5450409367 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. |  | 2 |
| 5450411672 | guild | A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. |  | 3 |
| 5450411673 | Gothic Cathedrals | Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. |  | 4 |
| 5450415101 | Rennaissance | Revival of learning or "rebirth" that ocurred in Europe between 1300 and 1600. a period of artistic, cultural, and intellectual revival. |  | 5 |
| 5450415102 | universities | Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. |  | 6 |
| 5450418118 | scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. |  | 7 |
| 5450422424 | humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. |  | 8 |
| 5450460311 | printing press | A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. |  | 9 |
| 5450469860 | Great Western Schism | A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. |  | 10 |
| 5450486952 | Hundred Years War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. |  | 11 |
| 5450490235 | reconquest of Iberia | Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. |  | 12 |
| 5450490236 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. |  | 13 |
| 5450492585 | Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. |  | 14 |
| 5450494668 | Henry the Navigator | This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India. |  | 15 |
| 5450497641 | caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. |  | 16 |
| 5450497642 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. |  | 17 |
| 5450503436 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. |  | 18 |
| 5450522624 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. |  | 19 |
| 5450527379 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. |  | 20 |
| 5450533018 | conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) |  | 21 |
| 5450535902 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. |  | 22 |
| 5450542976 | Moctezuma II | Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army. |  | 23 |
| 5450920900 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. |  | 24 |
| 5450925562 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). |  | 25 |
