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| 7724876649 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor. Took control over foreign territory formerly belonging to the old Roman Empire. Codified laws code that served as the basis for the legal systems in many European countries in later centuries. Constructed Hagia Sophia. | 0 | |
| 7724926109 | Caesaropapism | Emperor of Byzantine Empire also head of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Responsibilities included appointing the patriarch, call for church councils, and determine doctrine regarding religious matters | 1 | |
| 7724954587 | Icons | Paintings of saints and religious scenes often painted on wooden panels. Images helped to worship and conveyed presence of God. Associated with miracles. Byzantine emperors later tried to get rid of them between 726-843 CE. Condemned as idols. Later brought back and became common expression of Christian faith in the Byzantine Empire and later in Russia. | 2 | |
| 7725001988 | Charlemagne | Ruler of the Carolingian Empire. Focused on expansion and education. At its height, included territory of modern day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, and Germany. His empire divided among his three sons after his death. (FUN FACTS: made written Latin the standard, favorite food roasted meat, some scientists argue that 80% of Europeans are related to Charlemagne) | 3 | |
| 7725049272 | Prince Vladimir | Ruler of Kiev during 900s. Adopted Orthodox Christianity as state religion. Established the dominance of the Orthodox Church in Russia. | 4 | |
| 7725080350 | Holy Roman Empire | First established under Otto of Saxony. Government worked to unite the German states as a platform for uniting Europe under his control. Did not include Rome. Early leaders worked to make it a political power that would be a successor to the ancient Roman Empire. Rulers never able to fully integrate or unite the German states under a centralized government. | 5 | |
| 7725141424 | Horse Collars | Agricultural innovation that allowed horses to pull heavy plows. Did not strain horse's neck as much. Harness placed burden on chest. Helped increase land cultivation and food production. The food surplus increased human population. | 6 | |
| 7725191856 | Sacraments | Roman Catholic belief that holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings on those who observe these practices. Examples include baptism, confirmation, matrimony, last rites, Eucharist, penance, and ordination. Enhanced the role of priests. | 7 | |
| 7725332820 | Leif Ericsson | Viking who established a settlement in modern-day Newfoundland around 1000CE. Called the region Vinland after the many wild grapes found there. After a few decades their efforts to establish a permanent settlement failed and they began to disappear. (Icelandic, when he reached Newfoundland he and his men first drank dew from the grass, practiced the traditional Norse religion even though many of the vikings and his mother became Christian) | 8 | |
| 7725386392 | Teutonic Knights | Military and religious order devoted to struggle against Muslims and pagans. Successful in bringing Slavic peoples in the Baltic region. Efforts made Poland , Prussia, and Lithuania Catholic. | 9 | |
| 7725424244 | Reconquista | Reconquest of Spain by Christian forces from 1060-1492CE. Efforts to drive Islamic rulers from Iberia, Christian rulers waged a series of campaigns against the caliphate of Cordoba. French and English soldiers helped the Spanish Christians in this crusade. Completed under the leadership of Ferdinand and Isabella when the last Islamic state on the peninsula, Granada, fell in 1492. | 10 | |
| 7725486487 | Urban II | Pope who launched Crusades in 1095. Promised salvation for those who fought to bring the Holy Land under Christian control. | 11 | |
| 7725502585 | Salah al-Din (Saladin) | Sultan of Egypt and Islamic leader who recaptured Jerusalem 1187 from Christian forces. Defeated the Third Crusade in efforts to recapture Jerusalem. Renowned for knightly courtesy, made peace with Richard I of England. | 12 | |
| 7725535157 | Hanseatic League | Northern European trade network that included cities from Novgorod to London. Most cities were ports on the Baltic or North Sea. Included significant commercial centers in Poland. northern Germany, and Scandinavia. Traded grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch. Linked to Mediterranean trade network by the Rhine and Danube Rivers. | 13 | |
| 7725593676 | Eleanor of Aquitaine | Ruler of an important kingdom within France. Supported entertainers and used their influence to encourage good manners and refinement among the knights and nobles of Europe. medieval European code of chivalry developed at least partly due to her influence. (FUN FACTS: her father was so fat he could not get out of bed alone, became Queen of France at fifteen, her husband Louis who was the king of France preferred to lead a life as a monk, traveled with her husband for the Crusades in 1147, after Eleanor had her marriage annulled because their trip strained their marriage, her husband gained custody of their daughters, later she married the great-grandson of William the Conqueror, mother of Richard the Lionheart) | 14 | |
| 7725619766 | Guilds | Trade organizations set up by merchants, artisans, and craftsmen to regulate the production and sale of goods in European towns. Set manufacturing standards and prices for goods as well as the process by which a person should be trained within his chosen profession. Provided a social infrastructure in medieval towns. | 15 |
