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| 11116969433 | Abbasid-dynasty* | The high point of this dynasty came during the reign of the caliph Harunal-Rashid (786-809 C.E.). Differed considerably from the Umayyad. Sparred intermittently with the Byzantine empire, they clashed frequently with nomadic peoples from central Asia, and in 751 they defeated a Chinese army at Talas River near Samarkand. | 0 | |
| 11116969434 | Allah | the only deity recognized in the strictly monotheistic Islamic religion. | 1 | |
| 11116969435 | Dar Al-Islam | an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule. | 2 | |
| 11116969436 | Hajj | the holy pilgrimage to Mecca--draws Muslims by the hundreds of thousands from all parts of the world to Saudi Arabia. | 3 | |
| 11116969437 | Ibn-Rushd | (1126-1198) qadi of Seville in the caliphate of Cordoba, who followed Aristotle in seeking to articulate a purely rational understanding of the world. | 4 | |
| 11116969438 | Jizya | special head tax, on those who did not convert to Islam. | 5 | |
| 11116969439 | Mecca | Islam's holiest city, as it's the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammed and faith itself. Only Muslims are allowed in the city, with millions arriving for the annual Hajj. | 6 | |
| 11116969440 | Muslim | Islamic faith, meaning "one who has submitted." | 7 | |
| 11116969441 | Rubaiyat | The verses of Omar Khayyam entitled the Rubaiyat ("quatrains") are widely known, thanks to a popular English translation by the Victorian poet Edward Fitzgerald. | 8 | |
| 11116969442 | Shia | "Party", furiously resisted the victorious faction, and struggled to return the caliphate to the line of Ali. | 9 | |
| 11116969443 | Umma | "Community of the faithful", Mecca Muhammad organized his followers into a cohesive community. | 10 | |
| 11116969444 | Abu-Bakr | a genial man who was one of the prophet's closest friends and most devoted disciples, to serve as caliph ("deputy"). | 11 | |
| 11116969445 | Bedouin | Nomadic people, kept herds of sheep, goats, and camels, migrating through the deserts to find grass and water for their animals. | 12 | |
| 11116969446 | 5 Pillars of Islam* | Constitute a simple but powerful frame-work that has bound the umma into a cohesive community of faith. (1) Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his prophet. (2) They must pray to Allah daily while facing Mecca. (3) They must observe a fast during the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan. (4) They must contribute alms for the relief of the weak and poor. (5) And, in honor of Muhammad's visits to Mecca in 629 and 632, those who are physically and financially able must undertake the hajj and make at least one | 13 | |
| 11116969447 | Harun al-Rashid | The high point of the Abbasid dynasty came during the reign of this caliph ____________________ (786-809 C.E.). Provided liberal support for artists and writers, bestowed lavish and luxurious gifts on his favorites, and distributed money to the poor and the common classes by tossing coins into the streets of Baghdad. | 14 | |
| 11116969448 | Islam | Meaning "submission", signifying obedience to the rule and will of Allah, the only deity recognized int he strictly monotheistic Islamic religion. | 15 | |
| 11116969449 | Ka'ba | Cube-shaped building, drew worshipers from all over Arabia and brought considerable wealth to Mecca. | 16 | |
| 11116969450 | Medina | Muslims called their new home ____________ ("the city," meaning "the city of the prophet"). Serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar. | 17 | |
| 11116969451 | Qadis | Heard cases at law and rendered decisions based on the Quran and sharia. | 18 | |
| 11116969452 | Sakk | They established multiple branches that honored letters of credit known as sakk—the root of the modern word check—drawn on the parent bank. | 19 | |
| 11116969453 | Sunni | "Traditionalists", accepted the legitimacy of the early caliphs. Disagreements over succession led tot he emergence of the Shia sect, the most important and enduring of all the alternatives to the faith observed by the majority of Muslims. | 20 | |
| 11116969454 | Umayyad dynasty* | After the assassination of Ali, the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty (661-750 C.E.) solved the problem of succession, at least temporarily. The Umayyads ranked among the most prominent of the Meccan merchant clans, and their reputation and network of alliances helped them bring stability to the Islamic community. Despite their association with Mecca,the Umayyads established their capital at Damascus, a thriving commercial city in Syria, whose central location enabled them to maintain better communication with the vast and still-expanding Islamic empire. | 21 | |
| 11116969455 | Al-Andalus | The prosperity of Islamic Spain, known as al-Andalus, illustrates the far-reaching effects of long-distance trade during the Abbasid era. | 22 | |
| 11116969456 | Caliph | "Deputy", under the caliph's leadership, the umma went on the offensive against the towns bedouin clans that had renounced Islam after Muhammad's death, and within a year it had compelled them to recognize the faith of Islam and the rule of the caliph. | 23 | |
| 11116969457 | Hadith | Most important after the Quran are traditions known as hadith, which include sayings attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the prophet's deeds. | 24 | |
| 11116969458 | Hijra | Known as the hijra ("migration"), Muhammad's move to Medina serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar. | 25 | |
| 11116969459 | Jihad | additional obligation for the faithful. Term literally means "struggle," and Muslims have understood its imperatives in various ways. | 26 | |
| 11116969460 | Madrasas* | By the tenth century institutions of higher education known as madrasas had begun to appear, and by the twelfth century they had become established in the major cities of the Islamic world. Muslim rulers often supported the madrasas in the interests of recruiting literate and learned students with an advanced education in Islamic theology and law for administrative positions. | 27 | |
| 11116969461 | Muhammed | In 632 C.E. this prophet visited his native city of Mecca from his home in exile at Medina, and in doing so he set an example that devout Muslims have sought to emulate ever since. | 28 | |
| 11116969462 | Quran | During the early 650s devout Muslims compiled these written versions of Muhammad's revelations and issued them as a "recitation", the holy book of Islam. | 29 | |
| 11116969463 | Sharia | Beyond the general obligations prescribed by the Five Pillars, Islamic holy law, known as the sharia, emerged ruing the centuries after Muhammad and offered detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life. | 30 | |
| 11116969464 | Ulama | Learned officials known as ulama ("people with religious knowledge") set moral standards in local communities and resolved disputes. Pious scholars who sought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and sharia. | 31 |
