The test is on October 9th! This includes all AP questions and terms for chapters 17-21.
Good luck.
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| 11064909866 | In Mexico, the most devastating effect of the Columbian Exchange was (A) the introduction of African slavery. (B) the increase in famine and water shortages. (C) smallpox, which may have killed 50 percent or more of the Amerindian population in Mexico and Central America. (D) the introduction of large-scale cash crop farming. | smallpox, which may have killed 50 percent or more of the Amerindian population in Mexico and Central America |  | 0 |
| 11064909867 | In contrast to Spanish settlement in the New World, Portuguese settlement in Brazil (A) depended on how much money Portugal received from the Asian spice trade and allocated to spend-ing in Brazil. (B) was able to develop without any government inter-ference from Portugal. (C) failed because of diseases and native attacks on the settlements. (D) was limited mainly to coastal regions. | was limited mainly to coastal regions |  | 1 |
| 11064909868 | In both Spanish colonies and in Portuguese Brazil, (A) the Catholic Church was the primary agent for the transmission of Christian belief as well as European language and culture. (B) joint-stock companies sold land to settlers. (C) other than the viceroy, officials were elected by the wealthy landowners. (D) baptism of the Amerindians was forbidden. | the Catholic Church was the primary agent for the transmission of Christian belief as well as European language and culture |  | 2 |
| 11064909869 | The most influential defender of the Amerindians in the Spanish colonies was (A) the Council of the Indies. (B) Bartolomé de Las Casas. (C) Vasco Núñez de Balboa. (D) Hernán Cortés. | Bartolome de Las Casas |  | 3 |
| 11064909870 | In the 1500s, the majority of the wealth in the American colonies came from (A) growing cash crops such as tobacco. (B) the importation of African slaves. (C) the sale of finished goods to the Amerindians. (D) silver from the mines in Potosí. | silver from the mines in Potosi |  | 4 |
| 11064909871 | In the Spanish colonies, the colonizers adopted (A) the native language of the Amerindians as the offi-cial language. (B) forced labor of the Amerindians. (C) the diet of the Amerindians, which was superior in nutrients. (D) laws and trade regulations devised by the Amerindians. | forced labor of the Amerindians |  | 5 |
| 11064909872 | Unlike the Portuguese and Spanish settlements, the English settlements in North America (A) encouraged the use of indentured servants as their initial forced labor system. (B) brought slaves from Africa but did not use them in their colonies. (C) encouraged all settlers to enslave Amerindians as a labor force. (D) never adopted a forced labor system. | encouraged the use of indentured servants as their initial forced labor systems |  | 6 |
| 11064909873 | The first representative assembly in the New World was (A) Mexico's Governor's Council. (B) Brazil's Congress. (C) the House of Burgesses in Virginia. (D) the French government's council in Quebec. | the House of Burgesses in Virginia |  | 7 |
| 11064909874 | Unlike the settlements in the Chesapeake Bay region and the Carolinas, settlements in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island (A) were made up mainly of males for the first two decades. (B) encouraged intermarriage with the natives. (C) had a normal gender balance. (D) had low mortality rates from the start. | had low mortality rates from the start |  | 8 |
| 11064909875 | Unlike in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, in the English colonies (A) women had political and civil rights. (B) taxation was local, and no taxes were assessed on exports. (C) trade with the Amerindians was not lucrative. (D) merchants engaged in more trade across the Atlantic. | merchants engaged in more trade across the Atlantic |  | 9 |
| 11064909876 | Unlike the English colonies, the French colonies in the Americas (A) resembled the settlement patterns of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. (B) existed without much direct aid from the French government. (C) had few French soldiers due to the decimation of the Amerindian population. (D) avoided the use of slavery, which they viewed as a sin. | resembled the settlement patterns of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies |  | 10 |
| 11064909877 | By the late 1700s, the wealthiest and most influential of Spain's colonial societies had come to view the Spanish government as (A) the homeland and savior of the economy. (B) the protector on foreign affairs and trade. (C) an impediment to growth and prosperity. (D) a drain on natural resources. | a drain on natural resources |  | 11 |
| 11064909878 | Besides the occasional tax revolts and urban riots in the Spanish New World, the most dangerous internal threat to Spanish rule in the 1700s was (A) the slave rebellion in Bolivia. (B) the attempted secession of Argentina. (C) the world economic downturn at the end of the century. (D) pirates who raided in the Caribbean and looted Spanish shipping. | the slave rebellion in Bolivia |  | 12 |
| 11064909879 | In comparison to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of the Americas, the English colonies (A) were unified by religion. (B) were generally more diverse. (C) were not sustainable over the long run. (D) contained far more gold and silver deposits. | were generally more diverse |  | 13 |
| 11064909880 | A main impetus for the introduction of African slavery in the Americas was the | introduction of cash crops such as sugar cane. | 14 | |
| 11064909881 | The establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas was based on the belief that these plantations would | be completely self-sufficient and develop products in an efficient manner. | 15 | |
| 11064909882 | Particularly in the West Indies, the power resided | in the hands of the plantocracy on each island. | 16 | |
| 11064909883 | One reason for the high volume of slaves transported from Africa to the New World was that | slaves had a high mortality rate during the first year in the New World. | 17 | |
| 11064909884 | The practice of accumulating capital in your own state and limiting trade with other nations is | mercantilism. | 18 | |
| 11064909885 | One reason that many African tribes did not initially fight the Europeans over capturing slaves was that | African rulers and merchants exported slaves to obtain foreign goods. | 19 | |
| 11064909886 | The majority of the slaves in the Islamic world were | soldiers or house servants | 20 | |
| 11064909887 | In the seventeenth century, | the demand for profits drove new European investors to sink money in long-distance trade and colonial ventures. | 21 | |
| 11064909888 | Unlike European slave trading, Islamic slave trading | took more women and children from Africa than men. | 22 | |
| 11064909889 | In the English colonies, slavery became more common as | the use of indentured servants became more costly. | 23 | |
| 11064909890 | One of the major reasons for the early success of the Ottoman armies was | their use of gunpowder | 24 | |
| 11064909891 | The Ottoman armies conquered | Mamluk Egypt | 25 | |
| 11064909892 | Enslaved Christian prisoners were often converted to Islam. The males who converted were often | enlisted into the ottoman armies as janissaries. | 26 | |
| 11064909893 | In the middle 1600s, the Ottoman government had to stop providing land grants in return for military service. This system | was replaced with tax farming | 27 | |
| 11064909894 | The Ottoman government did not react quickly to changes in trade and taxes in its empire. One example of this problem was | the use of capitulations to benefit European over Ottoman merchants in places like Mocha coffee markets | 28 | |
| 11064909895 | Under the Safavid founder, Ismail, Iran became | Shi'ite | 29 | |
| 11064909896 | Which of the following is true of the Safavid Empire? | Its manufacturing sector was neither large not overly productive | 30 | |
| 11064909897 | One major weakness of the Safavid Empire is that it | never developed a naval force | 31 | |
| 11064909898 | Mughal India was | a land of Hindus ruled by a Muslim minority | 32 | |
| 11064909899 | Under the Mughal ruler Akbar | the economy, based on cotton cloth, thrived | 33 | |
| 11064909900 | One reason for the failure of the European explorers to extend Christianity into the region around the Indian Ocean was that | Europeans did not welcome converts as full memebers of their communities | 34 | |
| 11064909901 | The Bantu language of the East African ports of Kilwa, Mombasa, and Malindi | absorbed Arabic, Persian, and Portuguese loan-words and developed into Swahili | 35 | |
| 11064909902 | Over time, the economic gains made by European trading companies changed the balance of power in the Indian Ocean | but local traders never disappeared from the scene | 36 | |
| 11064909903 | In 1603, after a long civil war Japan was united | under Tokugawa leyasu | 37 | |
| 11064909904 | In the twelfth century Japan's imperial unity collapsed, allowing the warlords to take over. These warlords were called | daimyo | 38 | |
| 11064909905 | Under the Tokugawa shoguns, the capital was moved from Kyoto to | Tokyo | 39 | |
| 11064909906 | Under the Tokugawa shoguns, Japan attempted to become politically centralized, but it was actually more | of a confederacy | 40 | |
| 11064909907 | By the end of the 1700s Japan had developed | a powerful merchant class that controlled the keys to modernization | 41 | |
| 11064909908 | By the early seventeenth century, there were over 3o0,000 Japanese Christians. Fearing their power, the shogun | ordered all Christian missionaries out of Japan and began to persecute the Japanese Christians. | 42 | |
| 11064909909 | One reason for the collapse of the Ming was | economic inefficiency and a government that was not interested in developing its economy. | 43 | |
| 11064909910 | Like other successful invaders of China, the Manchu rulers | soon adopted Chinese institutions and policies | 44 | |
| 11064909911 | Unlike the rulers of Japan, the Qing emperor Kangxi | welcomed Christian missionaries into the empire. | 45 | |
| 11064909912 | Under the Qing, foreign sea trade was | limited to the part of Canton | 46 | |
| 11064909913 | One result of the long peace under the Qing was | a population explosion | 47 | |
| 11064909914 | By the end of the sixteenth century, the largest state in Europe | Russia | 48 | |
| 11064909915 | The early exploration of Siberia was undertaken not by the Russian state but by | wealthy trading families looking for furs and forest products | 49 | |
| 11064909916 | Whether or not Peter I actually initiated it, he is often credited with | westernizing Russia | 50 | |
| 11064909917 | In the early 1600s, the rivalry among the European powers intensified when | something about the netherlands idk | 51 | |
| 11064909918 | Which of the following is true of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century warfare in Europe? | The cost of the wars led nation after nation into fiscal crises. | 52 | |
| 11064909919 | John Locke, an English political philosopher, argued that | the people had a right to revolt when the monarch violated their natural rights. | 53 | |
| 11064909920 | Though willing to embrace Enlightenment ideals when they served royal interests, the monarchs of Europe | suppressed or banned radical ideas that promoted republicanism or directly attacked religion | 54 | |
| 11064909921 | Besides being an inventor and a writer, Benjamin Franklin was also | an important actor in the political debate that would lead to the American Revolution. | 55 | |
| 11064909922 | One reason for the passage of the Proclamation of 1763 was to | prevent costly wars among the colonists and the Indians as the colonists moved west. | 56 | |
| 11064909923 | One common way that the English colonists protested increased taxation was to | boycott the goods being taxed. | 57 | |
| 11064909924 | Prior to 1789, French society was divided into Estates. The largest of these was the | Third Estate. | 58 | |
| 11064909925 | Besides undergoing a financial crisis, in the period from 1785 to 1789, France | experienced poor harvests and famine. | 59 | |
| 11064909926 | The most uncompromising democrats in the French Revolution were the | Jacobins | 60 | |
| 11064909927 | One result of the beginning of revolution in France was | war with Austria and Prussia in support of the French monarchy. | 61 | |
| 11064909928 | Which group lost social, economic, and political standing with the rise of Napoleon? | Women | 62 | |
| 11064909929 | One reason that Napoleon needed to suppress the revolution in Haiti was that | Haiti was the richest colony that France possessed. | 63 | |
| 11064909930 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 64 | |
| 11064909931 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them. | 65 | |
| 11064909932 | Potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. | 66 | |
| 11064909933 | encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | 67 | |
| 11064909934 | creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all non-native peoples. | 68 | |
| 11064909935 | mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. | 69 | |
| 11064909936 | mulatto | The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. | 70 | |
| 11064909937 | indentured servant | A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. | 71 | |
| 11064909938 | House of Burgesses | Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. | 72 | |
| 11064909939 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. | 73 | |
| 11064909940 | Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. | 74 | |
| 11064909941 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (six after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes. | 75 | |
| 11064909942 | New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. It fell to the British in 1763. | 76 | |
| 11064909943 | coureurs de bois | French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. | 77 | |
| 11064909944 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780- 1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. | 78 | |
| 11064909945 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman Bey in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, it was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 79 | |
| 11064909946 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520- 1566); also known with the suffix Kanuni, "The Lawgiver." He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 80 | |
| 11064909947 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 81 | |
| 11064909948 | Tulip Period | (1718-1730) Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. | 82 | |
| 11064909949 | Safavid Empire | Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. | 83 | |
| 11064909950 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. It is the state religion of Iran. | 84 | |
| 11064909951 | Hidden Imam | Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. | 85 | |
| 11064909952 | Shah Abbas I | The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629). He moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598. | 86 | |
| 11064909953 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Promoted a state of muslim coexistence with local beliefs. | 87 | |
| 11064909954 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 88 | |
| 11064909955 | mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. | 89 | |
| 11064909956 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar married a princess from this caste. | 90 | |
| 11064909957 | Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. | 91 | |
| 11064909958 | Oman | Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southeast region of the Arabian peninsula. It succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. | 92 | |
| 11064909959 | Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. | 93 | |
| 11064909960 | Batavia | Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today it is known as the city of Jakarta. | 94 | |
| 11064909961 | Enlightenment | A philosophical belief system in eighteenth-century Europe that claimed that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 95 | |
| 11064909962 | Benjamin Franklin | American intellectual, inventor, and politician who helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution. | 96 | |
| 11064909963 | George Washington | Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). | 97 | |
| 11064909964 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. | 98 | |
| 11064909965 | Constitutional Convention | Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. | 99 | |
| 11064909966 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | 100 | |
| 11064909967 | Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 101 | |
| 11064909968 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 102 | |
| 11064909969 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 103 | |
| 11064909970 | Napoleon Bonaparte | General who overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 104 | |
| 11064909971 | Gens de Couleur | Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. | 105 | |
| 11064909972 | Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. | 106 | |
| 11064909973 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to re-establish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. | 107 | |
| 11064909974 | Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic and nationalist events that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary this failed. | 108 | |
| 11064909975 | Manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 109 | |
| 11064909976 | daimyo | Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. | 110 | |
| 11064909977 | samurai | Literally "those who serve," the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. | 111 | |
| 11064909978 | Tokugawa Shogunate | The last of the three shogunates of Japan. | 112 | |
| 11064909979 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the over-throw of the Yuan Empire. The emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of this empire saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. | 113 | |
| 11064909980 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor was over-thrown in 1911. | 114 | |
| 11064909981 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 115 | |
| 11064909982 | Amur River | This river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). | 116 | |
| 11064909983 | Macartney mission | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. | 117 | |
| 11064909984 | Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. This dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. | 118 | |
| 11064909985 | Ural Mountains | This north-south range separates Siberia from the rest of Russia. It is commonly considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia. | 119 | |
| 11064909986 | tsar | From Latin "caesar", this Russian title for a monarch was first used in the sixteenth century. | 120 | |
| 11064909987 | Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. | 121 | |
| 11064909988 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. They led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 122 | |
| 11064909989 | serf | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of these worked as artisans and in factories; this practice was not abolished there until 1861. | 123 | |
| 11064909990 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Mos-cow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 124 | |
| 11064909991 | Atlantic System | The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Basin. | 125 | |
| 11064909992 | Chartered companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. | 126 | |
| 11064909993 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa | 127 | |
| 11064909994 | Plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | 128 | |
| 11064909995 | Driver | A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. | 129 | |
| 11064909996 | Seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. | 130 | |
| 11064909997 | Manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. | 131 | |
| 11064909998 | Maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. | 132 | |
| 11064909999 | Capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions—banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. | 133 | |
| 11064910000 | Mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their mother-land country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. | 134 | |
| 11064910001 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 135 | |
| 11064910002 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 136 | |
| 11064910003 | Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. | 137 | |
| 11064910004 | Songhai | A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. Was at its height in the sixteenth century. | 138 | |
| 11064910005 | Hausa | An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Remained autonomous until conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate circa 16th cen. | 139 | |
| 11064910006 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Lasted from 9th cen.-19th cen. | 140 |
