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| 11011062173 | Mediastinum | An anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and bt the lungs | 0 | |
| 11011062174 | Apex | Pointed; formed by the tip of the LV and rest on the diaphragm | 1 | |
| 11035216642 | Base | Opposite of the apex and is it's posterior aspect | 2 | |
| 11035216643 | Pericardium | Membrane that surrounds and protect the heart | 3 | |
| 11035216644 | Fibrous pericardium | Superficial; tough and dense; prevent over stretching of the heart Provide protection and anchors the heart to the mediastinum | 4 | |
| 11035216645 | Serous pericardium | Thinner layer More delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart | 5 | |
| 11035216646 | Parietal layer of serous pericardium | Fused to the fibrous pericardium | 6 | |
| 11035216647 | Visceral layer of the serous pericardium | Epicardium layer-one of the layer of the heart wall and adhere tightly to the surface of the heart | 7 | |
| 11035216648 | Pericardial fluid | Thin film of lubricating serous fluid to reduce friction bt layers of the pericardium as the heart moves | 8 | |
| 11035216649 | Pericardial cavity | Space that contain pericardial fluids | 9 | |
| 11035216650 | Epicardium | Composed of two tissues Contain BV, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium | 10 | |
| 11035216651 | Myocardium | Responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissues (95%) | 11 | |
| 11035216652 | Endocardium | Innermost thin layer of endothelium Smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart Smooth lining minimizes surface friction as BP pass through the heart | 12 | |
| 11035216653 | Atria | Two superior chambers Receiving chamber | 13 | |
| 11035216654 | Ventricles | Two inferior chambers Pumping chambers | 14 | |
| 11035216655 | Auricle | Anterior surface of each atrium is a wrinkle pouch like structures Increase the capacity of an atrium so that it can hold a greater volume of blood | 15 | |
| 11035216656 | Atrium | Form the right surface of the heart and receive the blood from 3 veins: SVC, IVC, coronary sinus | 16 | |
| 11035216657 | Pectinate muscle | Inside of the anterior wall is rough DT the presence of muscular ridges | 17 | |
| 11035216658 | Interatrial septum | Between RA and LA is a thin partition | 18 | |
| 11035216659 | Fossa ovalis | Oval depression Remnants of the foremen ovale Opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth | 19 | |
| 11035216660 | Tricuspid valve | Blood passses from the RA into RV AKA right atrioventricular valve | 20 | |
| 11035216661 | Right Ventricle | Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart | 21 | |
| 11035216662 | Trabeculae carneae | Inside of the RV contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers | 22 | |
| 11035216663 | Chordea tendineae | Cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to tendon like cords | 23 | |
| 11035216664 | Papillary muscle | Connected to cone-shaped trabeculae carnea | 24 | |
| 11035216665 | Interventricular septum | Separates the RV and RV | 25 | |
| 11035216666 | Left atrium | About the same thickness as the RA and forms most of the base of the heart | 26 | |
| 11035216667 | Bicuspid valve (mitral) | Blood passes from LA into LV Left atrioventricular valve | 27 | |
| 11035216668 | Left Ventricle | Forms the apex of the heart Thickest chamber | 28 | |
| 11035216669 | Ductus arteriosum | Temporal BV during fetal life that shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta so that only a small amount of blood enters the non functioning fetal lungs that closes shortly after birth | 29 | |
| 11035216670 | Ligamentum arteriosum | Ductus arteriosus normally closes shortly after birth, leaving a remnant which connects the arch of the aorta and pulmonary trunk | 30 | |
| 11035216671 | Stenosis | A narrowing of the valve opening | 31 | |
| 11035216672 | Insufficiency | Failure of a valve to close completely | 32 | |
| 11035216673 | Mitral stenosis | Scar formation or a congenital defect causes narrowing of mitral valve | 33 | |
| 11035216674 | Mitral insufficiency | Back flow of blood from LV into LA Cause mitral valve prolapse | 34 | |
| 11035216675 | Mitral valve prolapse | One or both of the cusps of the mitral valve protrude into LA during ventricular contraction Most common valvular DX | 35 | |
| 11035216676 | Aortic Stenosis | The aortic valve is narrowed | 36 | |
| 11035216677 | Aortic insufficiency | Back flow of blood from the aorta into the LV ml | 37 | |
| 11035216678 | Coronary circulation | The myocardium's pwn network of BV | 38 | |
| 11035216679 | Coronary circulation | The myocardium's own network of BV | 39 | |
| 11035216680 | Coronary arteries | Branch from the ascending aorta and encircle the heart | 40 | |
| 11035216681 | Left coronary artery | Passes inferior to the left auricle and divides into anterior interventricular and circumflex branches | 41 | |
| 11035216682 | Anterior Interventricular branch | Left anterior descending artery In anterior interventricular sulcus and supplied oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles | 42 | |
| 11035216683 | Circumflex branch | Lies in the coronary sulcus and distributes oxygenated blood to the walls of the LV and LA | 43 | |
| 11035216684 | Right coronary artery | Supplies small branches to the RA Divides into posterior interventricular and marginal branch | 44 | |
| 11035216685 | Posterior interventricular branch | Follows the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies the walls of the 2 ventricles with oxygenated blood | 45 | |
| 11035216686 | Marginal branch | Beyond the coronary sulcus runs along the right margin of the heart and transports oxygenated blood to the wall of the RV | 46 | |
| 11035216687 | Coronary sinus | Most of the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart | 47 | |
| 11035216688 | Great cardiac vein | In the anterior interventricular sulcus, which drains the areas of the heart supplied by the left coronary artery (LV RV and LA) | 48 | |
| 11035216689 | Middle cardiac vein | Posterior interventricular sulcus which drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery (LV RV) | 49 | |
| 11035216690 | Small cardiac vein | In the coronary sulcus, which drains the RA and RV | 50 | |
| 11035216691 | Anterior cardiac vein | Drain the RV and open directly into the RA | 51 | |
| 11035216692 | Myocardial ischemia | Partial obstruction of blood flow in the coronary arteries A condition of reduced blood flow to the myocardium | 52 | |
| 11035216693 | Hypoxia | Reduced oxygen supply Weaken cells without killing them | 53 | |
| 11035216694 | Angina pectoris | "Strangled chest" Several pain that accompanies myocardial ischemia | 54 | |
| 11035216695 | Myocardial infarction (MI) | Complete obstruction of blood flow in a coronary artery | 55 | |
| 11035216696 | Sinoatrial node (SA) | Propagates throughout both atria via gap junctions in the intercalated discs of atrial muscle fibers | 56 | |
| 11035216697 | Atrioventricular node (AV) | Located in the interatrial septum, just anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus Slows down considerably providing time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles | 57 | |
| 11035216698 | Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) | Where AP conduct from the atria to the ventricles | 58 | |
| 11035216699 | AV bundle R & L | Extend through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart | 59 | |
| 11035216700 | Purkinje fibers | Rapidly conduct the AP beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium. Then the ventricle contract pushing blood upward to semilunar valves | 60 | |
| 11035216701 | Depolarization | Contraction Voltage-gated fast Na channels open Na inflow | 61 | |
| 11035216702 | Plateau | Ca inflow when voltage gated SLOW Ca channels open and K outflow when some K channels open | 62 | |
| 11035216703 | Repolarization | Closure of Ca channels and K outflow when additional voltage-gated K channel opem | 63 | |
| 11035216704 | Electrocardiograms | Record of the electrical currents generated by AP that propagate through the heart | 64 | |
| 11035216705 | 1. Conduction pathway abnormal 2. Heart enlarged 3. Certain region of heart damaged 4. Cause of chest pain | What 4 things can be determined from ECGs? | 65 | |
| 11035216706 | P wave | Small upward deflection Atrial depolarization | 66 | |
| 11035216707 | Atrial depolarization | Which spreads from the SA node through contractile fibers in both atria | 67 | |
| 11035216708 | QRS complex | Begins as a downward deflection, continues as a large upright, triangular wave and ends as a downward wave Rapid. Ventricular depolarization | 68 | |
| 11035216709 | T wave | Dome shape upward deflection Ventricular repolarization | 69 | |
| 11035216710 | Large P wave | Indicate enlargement of an atrium | 70 | |
| 11035216711 | Enlarge Q wave | Indicate a myocardial infarction | 71 | |
| 11035216712 | Enlarge R wave | Indicate enlarged ventricles | 72 | |
| 11035216713 | T wave flatter | Indicate heart muscle is receiving insufficient oxygen-CAD | 73 | |
| 11035216714 | T wave elevated | High blood K level Hyperkalemia | 74 | |
| 11035216715 | Repolarization occurs more slowly than depolarization | Why is the T wave smaller and wider than the QRS complex? | 75 | |
| 11035216716 | P-Q interval | Conduction time from beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation | 76 | |
| 11035216717 | P-Q interval lengthen | AP forced to detour around scar tissue caused by DX- CAD What happen to P-Q intervals | 77 | |
| 11035216718 | ST segment | Begins at the end of S wave and ends at the beginning of the T wave Represent the time when the ventricular contractile fibers are depolarizer during the plateau phase of the AP | 78 | |
| 11035216719 | S-T segment elevated | Indicates acute myocardium infarction | 79 | |
| 11035216720 | S-T segment depressed | Indicate heart muscle receiving insufficient oxygen | 80 | |
| 11035216721 | Q-T interval | Start of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave Time from the beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization | 81 | |
| 11035216722 | Q-T interval lengthened | Indicate myocardial damage, ischemia or conduction abnormalities | 82 | |
| 11035216723 |  | 83 | ||
| 11046990661 | Depolarization of atrial | Contractile fibers produce p wave | 84 | |
| 11046990662 | Depolarization of ventricles | Contractile fibers produces QRS complex | 85 | |
| 11046990663 | Repolarization of ventricular | Contractile fibers produces T wave | 86 | |
| 11046990664 | Isovolumetric relaxation | After the SL valves close, there is a brief interval when ventricular blood volume does not change Bc all valves are closed | 87 | |
| 11046990665 | Isovolumetric contraction | Cardiac muscle fibers are contracting and exerting force but are not yet shortening; thus the muscle contraction is isometric | 88 | |
| 11046990666 | Cardiac output | Volume of blood ejected from the LV or RV into aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute | 89 | |
| 11046990667 | Stroke volume | The volume of blood ejected by the ventricles during each contraction | 90 | |
| 11046990668 | Auscultation | The act of listening to sounds within the body | 91 | |
| 11046990669 | S1 lubb | Louder and a bit longer than the 2nd Closure of thenAV valves soon after ventricular systole begin | 92 | |
| 11046990670 | S2 dupp | Closure of thenSL valve at the beginning of ventricular diastole | 93 | |
| 11046990671 | Heart murmurs | Abnormal sound consistent if of clicking, rushing, or gurgling noise that is either heard before, between, or after normal heart sounds or may mask the normal heart sounds | 94 | |
| 11046990672 | Innocent or functional heart murmurs | Heart murmurs in children that often subside or disappear with growth | 95 | |
| 11046990673 | Heart valve stenosis | Heard while the valve should be fully open but is not | 96 | |
| 11046990674 | Mitral stenosis | Produce a murmur during the relaxation period, bt s2 and the next s1 | 97 | |
| 11046990675 | Incompetent heart vavle | Causes a murmur to appear when the valve should be fully closed but is not | 98 | |
| 11046990676 | Mitral incompetence | Occurs during ventricular systole between s1 and s2 | 99 | |
| 11046990677 | Preload Contractility Afterload | 3 factors that regulate SV and ensure that the LV& RV pump equal blood | 100 | |
| 11046990678 | Preload | The degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts | 101 | |
| 11046990679 | Contractility | The forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers | 102 | |
| 11049384001 | Positive inotrophic agent | Substances that increase contractility | 103 | |
| 11049384002 | Negative inotropic agent | Substance that decreased contractility | 104 | |
| 11049384003 | Afterload | The pressure that must exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur The pressure that must overcome before a semilunar valve can open | 105 | |
| 11049384004 | Proprioceptors | Monitor position of limbs and muscles Send nerve impulses at increased frequency to the CV center Monitor movement | 106 | |
| 11049384005 | Chemoreceptors | Monitor chemical changes in the blood | 107 | |
| 11049384006 | Baroreceptors | Monitor the stretching of major arteries and veins caused by the pressure of the blood flowing through them Monitor BP | 108 | |
| 11049384007 | Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid hormone | What 3 hormones regulate heart rate? | 109 | |
| 11049384008 | K Na Ca | What 3 ions regulate heart rate? | 110 | |
| 11049384009 | K Na | What 2 ions will decrease HR and contractility if there's an elevated number? | 111 | |
| 11049384010 | Ca | What ion will increase HR and strengthens heartbeat if there's an elevated number? | 112 | |
| 11049384011 | CAD | Results from the effects of the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, which leads to a reduction in blood flow to the myocardium | 113 | |
| 11049384012 | Arteriosclerosis | Thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity | 114 | |
| 11049384013 | Atherosclerosis | A progressive disease characterized by the formation in the walls of large and medium sized arteries of lesions called atherosclerotic plaque | 115 | |
| 11049384014 | Low density lipoproteins (LDL) | Transport cholesterol from the liver to body cells for use in cell membrane repair and the production of steroid hormones and bile salts | 116 | |
| 11049384015 | High density lipoproteins (HDL) | Remove excess cholesterol from body cells and transport it to the liver to be eliminated | 117 | |
| 11049384016 | Oxidation | Removal of electrons | 118 | |
| 11049384017 | Formation of atherosclerotic plaque | Begins when excess LDLs from the blood accumulate in the inner layer of an artery wall Lipid and proteins under goes oxidation and proteins bind to sugar | 119 | |
| 11049384018 | Foam cells | When a macrophages ingest and become so filled with oxidize LDL they become foamy looking | 120 | |
| 11049384019 | Fatty streaks | Foam cell + macrophage + T cells form | 121 | |
| 11049384020 | Supraventricular tachycardia SVT | A rapid but regularHR that originates in the atria 160-200 | 122 | |
| 11049384021 | Heart block | An arrhythmia that occurs when the electrical pathways between the atria and ventricles are blocked, slowing the transmission of nerve impulses | 123 | |
| 11049384022 | First Atrioventricular block | P-Q intervals is prolonged-conduction through the AV node is slower than normal | 124 | |
| 11049384023 | Second AV block | Some AP from the SA node are not conducted through the AV node Dropped beats Fewer QRS complex than P wave | 125 | |
| 11049384024 | Third (complete) AV block | No SA node AP get through the AV node | 126 | |
| 11049384025 | Atrial premature contraction (APC) | Heartbeat that occurs earlier than expected and briefly interrupts the normal heart rhythm Skipped HB followed by forceful HB | 127 | |
| 11049384026 | Atrial flutter | Consist of rapid, regular atrial contraction 240-360 bpm accompanied by an AV block (some nerve impulse from SA node are not conducted through the AV node | 128 | |
| 11049384027 | Atrial fibrillation (AF) | Contraction of the atrial fibers is asynchronous so that atrial pumping cease altogether Risk stroke | 129 | |
| 11049384028 | Coarctation of the aorta | A segment of the aorta too narrow and thus the flow of oxygenated blood to the body is reduced, the LV is forced to pump harder and high BP develop | 130 | |
| 11049384029 | Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | A temporary BV bt aorta and the pulmonary trunk, remains open rather than closing shortly after birth | 131 | |
| 11049384030 | Septal defect | An opening in the septum that separates the interior of the heart into left and right sides | 132 | |
| 11049384031 | Atria septal defect | The fetal foremen ovale bt 2 atria fails to close after birth | 133 | |
| 11049384032 | Ventricular septal defect | Caused by incomplete development of the interventricular septum | 134 | |
| 11049384033 | Tetralogy of fallot | Combination of four developmental defects Interventricular septal defect Aorta that emerges from both ventricles instead of LV only Stenosed pulmonary valve Enlarged RV | 135 | |
| 11061974959 | CHF | Loss of pumping efficiency by the heart | 136 | |
| 11061974960 | LV fails first | Cannot pump out the blood it receives Blood backs up in the lungs =pulmonary Edema | 137 | |
| 11061974961 | Pulmonary edema | Fluid accumulation in the lungs that can cause suffocation if left untreated | 138 | |
| 11061974962 | RV fails first | Blood backs into systemic veins and over time the kidneys cause an increase in blood vol=peripheral edema | 139 | |
| 11061974963 | Peripheral edema | Most noticeable in the feet and ankles | 140 |
