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| 6137759500 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 0 | |
| 6137759501 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. | 1 | |
| 6137759502 | capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions —banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. | 2 | |
| 6137759503 | chartered companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. | 3 | |
| 6137759504 | driver | A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. | 4 | |
| 6137759505 | Dutch West India Company (1621-1794) | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. | 5 | |
| 6137759506 | Hausa | An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Caliphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century. | 6 | |
| 6137759507 | manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. | 7 | |
| 6137759508 | maroon | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. | 8 | |
| 6137759509 | mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. | 9 | |
| 6137759510 | plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | 10 | |
| 6137759511 | Royal African Company (RAC) | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 11 | |
| 6137759512 | seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. | 12 | |
| 6137759513 | Songhai | A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. | 13 | |
| 6137759514 | Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. | 14 | |
| 6137759515 | Akbar I (1542-1605) | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 15 | |
| 6137759516 | Batavia | Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. | 16 | |
| 6137759517 | Hidden Imam | Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. | 17 | |
| 6137759518 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. (See also devshirme.) | 18 | |
| 6137759519 | mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. | 19 | |
| 6137759520 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 20 | |
| 6137759521 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. | 21 | |
| 6137759522 | Safavid Empire | Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. | 22 | |
| 6137759523 | Shah Abbas I | The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629). Abbas moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598. | 23 | |
| 6137759524 | Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. | 24 | |
| 6137759525 | Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566) | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver." He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 25 | |
| 6137759526 | Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. | 26 | |
| 6137759527 | Tulip Period (1718-1730) | Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. | 27 | |
| 6137759528 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 28 | |
| 6137759529 | daimyo | Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. | 29 | |
| 6137759530 | Kangxi (1654-1722) | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 30 | |
| 6137759531 | Macartney mission (1792-1793) | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. | 31 | |
| 6137759532 | Manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 32 | |
| 6137759533 | Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. | 33 | |
| 6137759534 | Peter the Great (1672-1725) | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 34 | |
| 6137759535 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. | 35 | |
| 6137759536 | samurai | Literally "those who serve," the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. | 36 | |
| 6137759537 | Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. | 37 | |
| 6137759538 | Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868) | The last of the three shogunates of Japan. Tokugawa leyasu, brought all the local lords into addministration under him. life was a little bit more peaceful with this rule in place. | 38 | |
| 6137759539 | Petits Blancs | less-well-off Europeans (colonial officers, retail merchants, or small-scale-agriculturalists) | 39 | |
| 6137759540 | Grand Blancs | wealthy owners (white) who dominated the economy and society of the island. | 40 | |
| 6137759541 | Saint Domingue | present day Haiti, greatest producer of sugar in the Atlantic World (French rule) | 41 | |
| 6137759542 | Middle Passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | 42 | |
| 6137759543 | Askeri | The Ottoman ruling, tax-exempt elite of the military, administrative, and religious establishment | 43 | |
| 6137759544 | Raya | The lower class of the Ottoman Empire: Farmers and Merchants | 44 | |
| 6137759545 | Shi'ite | A member of the branch of Islam that supports the descendants of Muhammad as his rightful successors | 45 | |
| 6137759546 | Nawab | A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor | 46 | |
| 6137759547 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355) | 47 | |
| 6137759548 | Tsar | a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917) | 48 | |
| 6137759549 | Serfs | Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived | 49 | |
| 6137759550 | Catherine the Great | This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia | 50 |
