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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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10802557969Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
10802557970Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
10802557971AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
10802557972AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
10802557974Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.4
10802557975Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.5
10802557976Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.6
10802557977Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).7
10802557978Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.8
10802557979Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.9
10802557983Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.10
10802557984Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.11
10802557985Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.12
10802557986PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.13
10802557987Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.14
10802557988Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.15
10802557989PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.16
10802557990Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.17
10802557991PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.18
10802557992Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.19
10802557993Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.20
10802557994Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.21
10802557997XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.22
10802557998AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.23
10802558000Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.24
10802558001BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.25
10802558002BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.26
10802558003BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama27
10802558004ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.28
10802558005ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.29
10802558006ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.30
10802558008DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.31
10802558009Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.32
10802558010Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.33
10802558011HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.34
10802558012HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.35
10802558013Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).36
10802558015KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.37
10802558017LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.38
10802558019MokshaAlso known as reincarnation; In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.39
10802558020NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.40
10802558023Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.41
10802558024SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).42
10802558027VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.43
10802558028Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.44
10802558029Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.45
10802558031ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.46
10802558032caste systemThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.47
10802558033dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.48
10802558041UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.49
10802558043AxumClassical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity.50
10802558046Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.51
10802558047syncretisma blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith52
10802558048monasticismThe lifestyle of a monk or nun, characterized by prayer and solitude53

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