Terms : Hide Images
| 11738843268 | Champa Rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season; introduced into Champa from India | 0 | |
| 11738843269 | Quipu | An elaborate recording system using knotted cords | 1 | |
| 11738843270 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars; primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies | 2 | |
| 11738843271 | Sharia | Law of Islam; provides the foundation of Islamic civilization | 3 | |
| 11738843272 | Hadith | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law | 4 | |
| 11738843273 | Madrasa | Type of religious college that gained sudden popularity outside Iran | 5 | |
| 11738843274 | Schism | A formal split within a religious community | 6 | |
| 11738843275 | Hagia Sophia | "Scared Wisdom" cathedral that dates to the reign of Justinian in Constantinople | 7 | |
| 11738843276 | Cyrillic | A writing system that came to be used by Slavic Christians adhering to the Orthodox (Byzantine) right | 8 | |
| 11738843277 | Grand Canal | The 1100 mile waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers; begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire | 9 | |
| 11738843278 | Shamanism | The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community; found in the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and in early societies in Central Asia | 10 | |
| 11738843279 | Lama | A teacher (in Tibetan Buddhism) | 11 | |
| 11738843280 | Water Margin | An early novel that features Chinese bandits who struggle under Mongol rule | 12 | |
| 11738843281 | Porcelain | Highly valued pottery; traded to many other areas of the world | 13 | |
| 11738843282 | Great Western Schism | A divide in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1415, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon | 14 | |
| 11738843283 | Khipus | System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information | 15 | |
| 11738843284 | Slavs | Indo-European peoples that had lived in Eastern Europe, very much in the paths of the east to west migrations that scattered them over the years | 16 | |
| 11738843285 | Quechua | Native language that Incans spoke | 17 | |
| 11738843286 | Toltecs | Powerful postclassic state in central Mexico that influenced much of Mesoamerica; Aztecs later claimed ties to this civilization | 18 | |
| 11738843287 | Chichen Itza | Maya postclassic center; this center and Tula have similar decorative motifs, architecture, and urban planning | 19 | |
| 11738843288 | Cholula | Developed around the same time as Teotihuacan; situated to serve as a trade center and religious pilgrimage destination | 20 | |
| 11738843289 | Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest United States; centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado; this culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings (kivas) | 21 | |
| 11738843290 | Chiefdom | Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns; less powerful than kingdoms and empires and based on gift giving and commercial links | 22 | |
| 11738843291 | Hopewell | Culture that spread throughout the Ohio River Valley; these people constructed large villages and monumental earthworks; depended on hunting and gathering and on a limited agriculture | 23 | |
| 11738843292 | Mississippian | Influenced by Hopewell culture; reached its highest stage of evolution at the urban center of Cahokia | 24 | |
| 11738843293 | Cahokia | Great urban center located near the modern city of East St. Louis, Illinois; served as a religious center and pilgrimage site | 25 | |
| 11738843294 | Tiwanaku | Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia | 26 | |
| 11738843295 | Wari | Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, possibly beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku | 27 | |
| 11738843296 | Chimu | A powerful civilization that developed on the northern coast of Peru from about 1200 to its conquest by an Inca empire in the 1470s; capital city was Chan Chan | 28 | |
| 11738843297 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs; overthrown by Abbasid Caliphate | 29 | |
| 11738843298 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas; overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad | 30 | |
| 11738843299 | Mamluks | Turkic military slaves that formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries; eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria | 31 | |
| 11738843300 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries; also modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast | 32 | |
| 11738843301 | Fatimid Dynasty | Members who claimed to be Shi'ite Imams descended from Ali; established in Tunisia 909 | 33 | |
| 11738843302 | Al-Andalus | Iberian territories that the Muslims ruled; rulers took the title of caliph in 929 when Abd al-Rahman III did so in response to a similar declaration by the newly established Fatimid ruler in Tunisia | 34 | |
| 11738843303 | Seljuk Turks | Family that established a Turkish Muslim state based on nomadic power | 35 | |
| 11738843304 | Tughril Beg | Seljuk ruler who created a kingdom that stretched from northern Afghanistan to Baghdad | 36 | |
| 11738843305 | Battle of Manzikert | Seljuk Turks vs. Byzantines; Seljuks beat the Byzantines, who fell back on Constantinople, leaving Anatolia open to Turkish occupation | 37 | |
| 11738843306 | Salah-al-Din | Took advantage of Nur al-Din's timely death to seize power and unify Egypt and Syria; recaptured Jerusalem from Europeans and took the title Khadim al-Haramain | 38 | |
| 11738843307 | Battle of Ain Jalut | Mamluks vs. Mongols; Mamluks defeated Mongols, stemming an invasion that had begun several decades before and legitimized their claim to dominion over Egypt and Syria | 39 | |
| 11738843308 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks and emperor; through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy | 40 | |
| 11738843309 | Medieval | "Middle age"; term used for period around 500-1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance | 41 | |
| 11738843310 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward; capital city was Constantinople; fell to the Ottomans in 1453 | 42 | |
| 11738843311 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine around 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population | 43 | |
| 11738843312 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor who ordered the collection of all Roman imperial edicts in a massive law code; Hagia Sophia cathedral dates to the time of his rule | 44 | |
| 11738843313 | Corpus Juris Civilis | Body of Civil Law; collection of all Roman imperial edicts | 45 | |
| 11738843314 | Kiev | Capital city of medieval Russia; taken over by Varangians around 880 | 46 | |
| 11738843315 | Novgorod | Important city during medieval times in Russia | 47 | |
| 11738843316 | Vladimir I | A ruler of Novgorod; returned from exile to Kiev with a band of Varangians and made himself the grand prince of Kievan Russia | 48 | |
| 11738843317 | Sui Dynasty | China reunified under this dynasty; the Grand Canal was finished during this dynasty; military ambition required a lot of organization and resources, along with their public works projects, eventually leading to military defeat and assassination of the second Sui emperor | 49 | |
| 11738843318 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor; led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia | 50 | |
| 11738843319 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded in 618 and ended in 907; these emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital of Chang'an | 51 | |
| 11738843320 | Battle of the Talas River | Tang were defeated by an Arab Muslim army in this battle | 52 | |
| 11738843321 | Chang'an | Capital of Tang empire; named in honor of the old Han capital; population of about 2 million | 53 | |
| 11738843322 | Tributary System | A system in which countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances | 54 | |
| 11738843323 | Empress Wu | Seized control of the government in 690 and declared herself the emperor, basing her legitimacy on claiming to be a bodhisattva | 55 | |
| 11738843324 | Eunuchs | Castrated palace servants | 56 | |
| 11738843325 | An Lushan Rebellion | Led by a Tang general who led about 200,000 soldiers; lasted for about 8 years and resulted in new powers for the provincial military governors who helped suppress it | 57 | |
| 11738843326 | Silla Dynasty | Kingdom in southeast of the Korean Peninsula; defeated the southwestern kingdom of Paekche | 58 | |
| 11738843327 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259 | 59 | |
| 11738843328 | Yamato Period | Period when the Japanese court ruled from the Yamato province | 60 | |
| 11738843329 | Taika Reforms | Reforms that gave this regime the key features of Tang government; there was a legal code, official variety of Confucianism, and an official reverence for Buddhism blended in with the local recognition of indigenous and immigrant chieftains as territorial administrators | 61 | |
| 11738843330 | Nara Period | During this period, the rulers expanded their small regime outward from central Japan; did this by sending an army led by the shogun into regions on the peripheries of the Japanese islands | 62 | |
| 11738843331 | Heian Period | Period when rulers continued to expand their regime outward from central Japan | 63 | |
| 11738843332 | Fujiwara Clan | Aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the ninth and twelfth centuries | 64 | |
| 11738843333 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments | 65 | |
| 11738843334 | Annam/Da Viet | Early Vietnam; adopted Confucian bureaucratic training, Mahayana Buddhism, and other aspects of Chinese culture; elites continued to rule in the Tang style after that dynasty's fall | 66 | |
| 11738843335 | Trung Sisters | Lived in Vietnam and led local farmers in resistance against the Han Empire | 67 | |
| 11738843336 | Il-Khan | A "secondary" khan based in Persia; the khanate was founded by Hulegu, and was based at Tabriz in the Iranian province of Azerbaijan; controlled much of Iran and Iraq | 68 | |
| 11738843337 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Chinngis Khan's grandson Batu; based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam | 69 | |
| 11738843338 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Chagatai Khanate; through conquest gained control of much of Central Asia and Iran; consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox | 70 | |
| 11738843339 | Alexander Nevskii | Prince of Novgorod; submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde | 71 | |
| 11738843340 | Ivan III | Prince of Moscow who established himself as an autocratic ruler | 72 | |
| 11738843341 | Tsar | Russian title for a monarch first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III | 73 | |
| 11738843342 | Teutonic Knights | German-speaking order of Christian warriors who sought to Christianize the pagan populations of northern Europe and colonize their territories with German settlers; also fought against other Christians | 74 | |
| 11738843343 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Oscan in northwestern Anatolia; after the fall of the Byzantine Empire it was based at Istanbul and encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe | 75 | |
| 11738843344 | Yuan Dynasty | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan | 76 | |
| 11738843345 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans and founder of the Yuan Empire | 77 | |
| 11738843346 | Beijing | China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China | 78 | |
| 11738843347 | Zhu Yuanhang | Chinese leader who mounted a campaign that destroyed the Yuan Empire and brought China under the control of his new empire, the Ming | 79 | |
| 11738843348 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire; later years of this empire saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline | 80 | |
| 11738843349 | Nanjing | New capital on the Yangzhou River, used by Hongwu instead of the northern capital of Beijing | 81 | |
| 11738843350 | Yongle | Third emperor of the Ming Empire; sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel | 82 | |
| 11738843351 | Magna Carta | Document that affirmed that monarchs were subject to established law, confirmed the independence of the church and the city of London, and guaranteed the nobles' hereditary rights; signed in 1215 by King John | 83 | |
| 11738843352 | Hundred Years' War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families | 84 | |
| 11738843353 | New Monarchies | Term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450-1600; centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits | 85 | |
| 11738843354 | Reconquest of Iberia | Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims; last Muslim ruler defeated in 1492, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms | 86 | |
| 11738843355 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Married and united the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile; conquest of Granada in 1492 secured the final piece of the Muslim territory for the new kingdom | 87 | |
| 11738843356 | Janissaries | Christian prisoners of war enslaved and converted to Islam | 88 | |
| 11738843357 | Devshirme | Regular levy of male children on Christian villages in the Balkans; children were placed with Turkish families to learn their language and then sent to Istanbul for instruction in Islam and military training | 89 | |
| 11738843358 | Mexica | Northern peoples who pushed into central Mexico in the wake of the Toltec collapse | 90 | |
| 11738843359 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire; population was about 125,000 on the eve of the Spanish conquest | 91 | |
| 11738843360 | Tlateloco | One of the twin capitals; part of the foundation for modern Mexico City | 92 | |
| 11738843361 | Aztecs | Created a powerful empire in central Mexico; forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax | 93 | |
| 11738843362 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor; forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities; an important component of Aztec and Inca economies | 94 | |
| 11738843363 | Inca | Largest and most powerful Andean empire | 95 | |
| 11738843364 | Cuzco | Had a population of less than 30,000 in 1530; home of the Incas, who were highly skilled stone craftsmen and constructed impressive buildings of stone | 96 | |
| 11738843365 | Caesaropapism | Emperor ruled as both secular lord and religious leader | 97 | |
| 11738843366 | Teotihuacan | A large city with several impressive temples that controlled central Mexico for many years; developed agricultural techniques that allowed them to successfully raise crops in the tropics | 98 | |
| 11738843367 | Olmecs | Civilization that existed in central Mexico by 800BCE | 99 | |
| 11738843368 | Toltecs | Powerful group in central Mexico who established a capital at Tula; came to control much of the area around them; fell at around end of the twelfth century | 100 | |
| 11738843369 | Dar al Islam | Islamic lands | 101 | |
| 11738843370 | Delhi Sultanates | Muslim sultanate based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years | 102 | |
| 11738843371 | Pochtecas | People who acted as imperial spies | 103 |
