First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.
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| 12455106590 | Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. | 0 | |
| 12455106591 | Agrarian | pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society | 1 | |
| 12455106592 | Bands/ Clans | extended family groups that generally lived together | 2 | |
| 12455106593 | Civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) | 3 | |
| 12455106594 | City-States | different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece) | 4 | |
| 12455106595 | Domestication | process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans | 5 | |
| 12455106596 | Economy | system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs | 6 | |
| 12455106597 | Egalitarian | a person who believes in the equality of all people | 7 | |
| 12455106598 | Foraging | the process of scavenging for food | 8 | |
| 12455106599 | Hierarchy | a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system | 9 | |
| 12455106600 | Hunter-Gatherer | A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals | 10 | |
| 12455106601 | Irrigation | supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc. | 11 | |
| 12455106602 | Monarchy | a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power | 12 | |
| 12455106603 | Monotheism | belief in a single God | 13 | |
| 12455106604 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s) | 14 | |
| 12455106605 | Nomadic | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently | 15 | |
| 12455106606 | Pastoral | relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples) | 16 | |
| 12455106607 | Paleolithic | The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools | 17 | |
| 12455106608 | Philosophy | the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics | 18 | |
| 12455106609 | Polytheism | belief in multiple Gods | 19 | |
| 12455106610 | River Valley | the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them | 20 | |
| 12455106611 | Sedentary | remaining in one place | 21 | |
| 12455106612 | Subsistence | the necessities of life, the resources of survival | 22 | |
| 12455106613 | Surplus | a quantity much larger than is needed | 23 | |
| 12455106614 | Theocracy | government run by religious leaders | 24 | |
| 12455106615 | Urbanization | the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban | 25 | |
| 12455106616 | Bronze Age | a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons |  | 26 |
| 12455106617 | Code of Hammurabi | the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety |  | 27 |
| 12455106618 | Cuneiform | One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. |  | 28 |
| 12455106619 | Democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 29 | |
| 12455106620 | Iron Age | the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons | 30 | |
| 12455106621 | Pyramids | Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top |  | 31 |
| 12455106622 | Shang Civilization | China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE | 32 | |
| 12455106623 | Ziggurats | a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories |  | 33 |
| 12455106647 | Trans Saharan | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading |  | 34 |
| 12455106648 | Monsoons | Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean. |  | 35 |
| 12455106649 | Sumerians | people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. |  | 36 |
| 12455106650 | Indo-Europeans | Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact. |  | 37 |
| 12455106651 | Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength. | Patriarchal |  | 38 |
| 12455106652 | caste system | a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility |  | 39 |
| 12455106653 | Paleolithic | (Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture |  | 40 |
| 12455106654 | Carthage | This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars. |  | 41 |
| 12455106797 | North America |  | 42 | |
| 12455106798 | Caribbean |  | 43 | |
| 12455106799 | Latin America |  | 44 | |
| 12455106800 | Central Africa |  | 45 | |
| 12455106801 | East Africa |  | 46 | |
| 12455106802 | East Asia |  | 47 | |
| 12455106803 | Eastern Europe |  | 48 | |
| 12455106804 | Middle East (Southwest Asia) |  | 49 | |
| 12455106805 | South Africa |  | 50 | |
| 12455106806 | South Asia |  | 51 | |
| 12455106807 | Southeast Asia |  | 52 | |
| 12455106808 | West Africa |  | 53 | |
| 12455106809 | Western Europe |  | 54 | |
| 12455106624 | Norte Chico | A region along the coast of Peru that possessed a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton. |  | 55 |
| 12455106625 | Indus Valley | 3rd millennium BC, Elaborately planned cities, standardized measures, irrigated agriculture, written language, no temples kings etc., had a lot of land, no political hierarchy, was abandoned because of mass deforestation, low crop yields, famine, environmental deterioration, etc. their influence continued even to this day (i.e. yoga). Important because it shows how we developed in our cities and economy. |  | 56 |
| 12455106626 | Olmec Civilization | earliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads |  | 57 |
| 12455106627 | Mohenjo-Daro / Harappa | the two main cities of india, know as twin capitals and both 3 miles in circumference |  | 58 |
| 12455106628 | Code of Hammurabi | A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations. | | 59 |
| 12455106629 | Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" | provided annual and predictable flooding that benefited and provided a sustainable lifestyle for this civilization, also gave them a stable and positive worldview, proved unty and independence and security |  | 60 |
| 12455106630 | Venus Figurines | Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance |  | 61 |
| 12455106631 | Clovis Culture | The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point |  | 62 |
| 12455106632 | Austronesian Migrations | The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago |  | 63 |
| 12455106633 | shamans | In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs |  | 64 |
| 12455106634 | Gobekli Tepe | oldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture |  | 65 |
| 12455106635 | Fertile Crescent | A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates |  | 66 |
| 12455106636 | Teosinte | a wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize |  | 67 |
| 12455106637 | Diffusion | Is the process by which a characterictic spreads | | 68 |
| 12455106638 | Bantu Migrations | (1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa. |  | 69 |
| 12455106639 | Pastoral Societies | Based on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike. |  | 70 |
| 12455106640 | Catalhuyuk | Good example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization. |  | 71 |
| 12455106641 | Chiefdoms | A society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule. |  | 72 |
| 12455106642 | Paleolithic Rock Art | The hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found. |  | 73 |
| 12455106643 | Neanderthals | Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago |  | 74 |
| 12455106655 | Agrarian | relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land | 75 | |
| 12455106656 | Mesopotamia | the name for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria | 76 | |
| 12455106657 | Phoenicians | dominant traders and merchants who created purple dye and established Carthage. | 77 | |
| 12455106658 | Israelites | a member of the ancient Hebrew nation, especially in the period from the Exodus to the Babylonian Captivity | 78 | |
| 12455106659 | Characteristics of a Civilization | cities, government, trade, social structure, writing and art | 79 | |
| 12455106660 | Hebrews | a member of an ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine and, according to biblical tradition, descended from the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham. | 80 | |
| 12455106661 | Mandate of Heaven | is an ancient Chinese belief/theory and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well, appropriately and fairly. | 81 | |
| 12455106662 | Horse-drawn chariots | humanities first form of personal transport, used as a technological advancement in warfare and conquest. | 82 | |
| 12455106663 | Babylon | an ancient city of SW Asia, on the Euphrates River, famed for its magnificence and culture: capital of Babylonia and later of the Chaldean empire. | 83 | |
| 12455106664 | Assyrians | an ancient empire in SW Asia: greatest extent from about 750 to 612 b.c. the Capital: Nineveh. | 84 | |
| 12455106665 | Caste System | a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich | 85 | |
| 12455106666 | Patriarchy | A male dominated society |  | 86 |
| 12455106667 | Matriarchal | A female dominated society |  | 87 |
| 12455106668 | Silk Road | an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea | 88 | |
| 12455106669 | Social Heirarchy | how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder |  | 89 |
| 12455106670 | Reincarnation | the rebirth of a soul in a new body. | 90 | |
| 12455106671 | Assimilation | The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group |  | 91 |
| 12455106672 | Monotheistic | The belief in only one god | 92 | |
| 12455106673 | Eightfold Path | the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. | 93 | |
| 12455106674 | Zoroanstrianism | one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago. | 94 | |
| 12455106675 | Greek Philosophy | the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics |  | 95 |
| 12455106676 | Polytheistic | The belief in many gods | 96 | |
| 12455106677 | Legalism | strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit. | 97 | |
| 12455106678 | Confucianism | a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius. | 98 | |
| 12455106679 | Buddhism | is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"). | 99 | |
| 12455106680 | Islam | the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah. | 100 | |
| 12455106681 | Judaism | an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. | 101 | |
| 12455106682 | Christianity | the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. | 102 | |
| 12455106683 | Daoism | a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. | 103 | |
| 12455106684 | Han Dynasty | an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e. | 104 | |
| 12455106685 | Persia | an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq. | 105 | |
| 12455106686 | Gupta | an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e. | 106 | |
| 12455106687 | Ancient Egypt | an empire that lasted for 3000 years | 107 | |
| 12455106688 | Roman empire | located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e. | 108 | |
| 12455106689 | Maya | located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e. | 109 | |
| 12455106690 | Empire | an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority. | 110 | |
| 12455106691 | Hebrew Scriptures | Torah, Old Testament | 111 | |
| 12455106692 | Assyrian Empire | this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE. | 112 | |
| 12455106693 | Babylonian Empire | Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites. | 113 | |
| 12455106694 | Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. | 114 | |
| 12455106695 | Vedic Religions | Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation. | 115 | |
| 12455106696 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | 116 | |
| 12455106697 | Mauryan Empire | (321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya. | 117 | |
| 12455106698 | Ashoka | Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism. | 118 | |
| 12455106699 | Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha) | Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering. | 119 | |
| 12455106700 | Emperor Constantine | Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire. | 120 | |
| 12455106810 | Buddha |  | 121 | |
| 12455106811 | Alexander the Great |  | 122 | |
| 12455106812 | Parthenon |  | 123 | |
| 12455106701 | Gupta Empire | (320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. | 124 | |
| 12455106813 | Roman Columns |  | 125 | |
| 12455106814 | Aqueduct |  | 126 | |
| 12455106815 | Colosseum |  | 127 | |
| 12455106816 | Indian Ocean Maritime System |  | 128 | |
| 12455106817 | Silk Road |  | 129 | |
| 12455106818 | Trans-Saharan Trade Route |  | 130 | |
| 12455106702 | filial piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. | 131 | |
| 12455106703 | monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 132 | |
| 12455106704 | animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 133 | |
| 12455106705 | ancestor veneration | Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors | 134 | |
| 12455106706 | syncretic religion | Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both | 135 | |
| 12455106707 | Persian Empire | Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great. | 136 | |
| 12455106708 | Qin Dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 137 | |
| 12455106709 | Han Dynasty | (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity | 138 | |
| 12455106710 | Hellenistic | Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great. | 139 | |
| 12455106711 | Teotihuacan | A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450. | 140 | |
| 12455106712 | Moche | civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. | 141 | |
| 12455106713 | Chaco | An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas. | 142 | |
| 12455106714 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. | 143 | |
| 12455106715 | Persepolis | A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby. | 144 | |
| 12455106716 | Chang'an | Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time. | 145 | |
| 12455106717 | Pataliputra | The captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires | 146 | |
| 12455106718 | Athens | A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. | 147 | |
| 12455106719 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E. | 148 | |
| 12455106720 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras. | 149 | |
| 12455106721 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 150 | |
| 12455106722 | Trans-Saharan Caravan Route | Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000. | 151 | |
| 12455106723 | Indian Ocean Sea Lanes | lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China | 152 | |
| 12455106724 | Mediterranean Sea Lanes | Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred | 153 | |
| 12455106725 | Qanat System | a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields | 154 | |
| 12455106726 | Shaduf | a mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields. | 155 | |
| 12455106727 | Jesus of Nazareth | a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity. | 156 | |
| 12455106728 | Greco-Roman Philosophy | Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy. | 157 | |
| 12455106729 | Zoroastrianism | What religion? |  | 158 |
| 12455106730 | corvee labor | unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government | 159 | |
| 12455106731 | tribute | Money paid by one country to another in return for protection | 160 | |
| 12455106732 | Black Death | Another name for the plague. Decimated much of Eurasia and North Africa, spreading from east to west, in the fourteenth century. Spread by fleas on rats. Killed from 1/3 to 2/3 of people in Europe, helped to topple Yuan dynasty in China. | 161 | |
| 12455106733 | Indian Ocean trading network | Stretched from Southern China to Eastern Africa, carried some luxury goods (gold, ivory, porcelain, spices, etc.) and, unlike the Silk Road, bulk and staple goods (textiles, pepper, rice, timber, sugar, wheat) because of the ability of ships to carry more cargo. Depended on monsoons. Trade occurred between cities rather than nations. | 162 | |
| 12455106734 | Srivijaya | Malay kingdom, dominated the critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade (the Malay peninsula/Coast of Sumatra) from 670 to 1025. State had a plentiful supply of gold, access to spices, and levied taxes on trade; from this drew supporters, funded bureaucracy, and created a navy. Imported Indian political ideas and Buddhism | 163 | |
| 12455106735 | Borobudur | Mountain shaped structure of ten levels, depicting the Buddhist journey from ignorance to enlightenment, located in the Sailendra Kingdom (Java). Largest Buddhist monument in the world. Represents the blending of Javanese culture with Buddhism, and the penetration of Indian culture in the region. | 164 | |
| 12455106736 | Swahili civilization | East African civilization, in 8th century took the shape of a set of commercial city states stretching along the East African coast. Growth stimulated by Indian ocean trade, extremely urban, language influenced by Arabic traders, became Islamic. | 165 | |
| 12455106737 | Great Zimbabwe | Located in African interior, grew up on gold trade (esp. with Somalia), and reached its peak between 1250 and 1350. Built imposing walls. | 166 | |
| 12455106738 | Sand Roads | Took of with the introduction of the camel in the 1st century, connected North and West Africa, salt exchanged for gold and slaves, spread Islam, by 4th century regular trans-Saharan trade established. Gold sought most highly. | 167 | |
| 12455106739 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | Construction stimulated by Sand Road trade. All monarchies with court lives and varying degrees of bureaucracy and military strength, and drew wealth from taxing trans-Saharan trade | 168 | |
| 12455106740 | trans-Saharan slave trade | Mostly non-Islamic peoples without a state, held a variety of jobs (normally servants to Islamic people's in North Africa). Between 1100 and 1400 thousands of slaves were transported across the Sahara each year. | 169 | |
| 12455106741 | American web | Less connected than Eurasian societies (absence of domesticated animals/North-South Direction). Loose contact from Great Lakes to Mississippi to Andes, spread maize and some culture. Most active between Mesoamerica and the Andes; civilizations in that region had trading networks. Inca state built roads. | 170 | |
| 12455106742 | Sui Dynasty | Ruled 589-618. Reunite China after the fall on the Han in 220. | 171 | |
| 12455106743 | Tang Dynasty | 8th Century Dynasty. Helped begin the Golden Age of China, along with the Song, with the reintroduction if the examination system, and the establishment of schools. | 172 | |
| 12455106744 | Foot binding | Emerged during the Song Dynasty (which created a reemergence of patriarchy and restrictions on women). Forced women to conform to a certain aesthetic ideal and restricted their movement. | 173 | |
| 12455106745 | Tribute system | China sees itself as "Middle Kingdom", extracts tribute from neighbors and nomads in exchange for not making war and acknowledging Chinese superiority. Foreigners submits o this in exchange for trade rights. Chinese sometimes had to pay tribute to nomads. | 174 | |
| 12455106746 | Xiongnu | "Barbarian" Empire that took over pieces of China and demanded tribute. Nomads. | 175 | |
| 12455106747 | bushido | Japanese, way of the warrior (samurai). | 176 | |
| 12455106748 | Chinese Buddhism | Came from India via the Silk Road, blended with Chinese culture (esp. Confucianism), with texts translated to reflect more Chinese values (dharma becomes dao). After the collapse of the Han dynasty Buddhist monasteries provided some social services, revived modest state support. After 800, xenophobia (b/c of foreign born revolution) against Buddhism increased; sharply criticized by upper class, Chinese state tried to destroy it (still remainder popular). | 177 | |
| 12455106749 | Byzantine Empire | Started 330, continuation of Roman Empire. Included Egypt, Greece, Syria, and Anatolia; wealthier, more urbanized, and more cosmopolitan than the Western Empire. Kept the roads, tax system, imperial court, laws, and Christian court of the Roman Empire. Considered themselves Romans. | 178 | |
| 12455106750 | Justinian | Emperor of Byzantine Empire (r. 527-565). Attempted to reconquer the Mediterranean basin. | 179 | |
| 12455106751 | caesaropapism | The close relationship between Church and State in Byzantium. The Emperor took on the role of "Caesar", head of state, and pope (he appointed the leader of the Orthodox Church). | 180 | |
| 12455106752 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Huge impact on Byzantine life. Created by the Schism of 1054, didn't want to recognize the Pope's authority, its priests can marry, and wanted to prohibit the use of icons, as well as other theological disputes. | 181 | |
| 12455106753 | icons | Popular paintings of saints and biblical scenes, usually on small wooden panels. | 182 | |
| 12455106754 | Kievan Rus | Modest state, named after its largest city, Kiev, emerged in the 9th century b/c of trade. Led by princes, stratified society. Religiously diverse, in 10th century, Prince Vladimir of Kiev allied the state with Eastern Orthodox Christianity (so as to unite his people). | 183 | |
| 12455106755 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great (r. 768-814). Extended Frankish control through Spain and Italy. Symbolic of the post imperial age, he was barely literate, speaking some Latin and a little Greek, had facility with Theologians, and was the strongest ruler of his lifetime. Aechen was his capital, delegated power to Counts. On Chrustmas Day, 800 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo (this anger Byzantine Empire). | 184 | |
| 12455106756 | Holy Roman Empire | Encompassed much of Germany, made up of small principalities. | 185 | |
| 12455106757 | 1453 | Fall of Byzantine Empire | 186 | |
| 12455106758 | Roman Catholic Church | Latin half of the Christian Church, headed by the Pope. Record keeper of Europe. | 187 | |
| 12455106759 | Western Christendom | For much of the period occupied the fringes of world history, only after 1500 did it fr come geographically central to world trade. Organized into competing states, feudalism and manorialism emerge. Roman Catholic Church fills power vacuum left by Roman Empire. | 188 | |
| 12455106760 | Crusades | Started when Emperor Alexios asked Pope Urban II for help in recapturing the holy land from Muslims, dominated by French and Norman nobles, alternative to poor life in Europe. 1st a Crusade starts 1095, 4th Crusade (1202-4) is the most famous. 9 crusades total, briefly recapture holy land (1099), then it us taken again by Muslims (1187). | 189 | |
| 12455106761 | Aristotle and Classical Greek learning | Universities established, literate churchmen debate these ideas and apply them first to theology, then to other disciplines. Sought texts from Byzantium and Arab world. Aristo ties writings become basis for university education. | 190 | |
| 12455106762 | Quran | The sacred scripture of Islam, given to Mohamed as a series off revelations from the angel Gabriel that began in 610 and continued for the next 22 years. Radically monotheistic, challenged the social inequalities and tribalism of Arab society. | 191 | |
| 12455106763 | umma | The worldwide Muslim community, the community of all believers. | 192 | |
| 12455106764 | Pillars of Islam | The five requirements for believers: 1. No God but Allah, Muhammad is his messenger 2. Prayer (Pray five times a day facing Mecca 3. Almsgiving (Believers must support the poor) 4. Month of Fasting During Ramadan (No food, drink, or sex from dawn till sundown 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) *6. Jihad (Holy War against Infidels) | 193 | |
| 12455106765 | Jizya | "People of the Book" (Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians) had to pay the Jizya tax in order to freely practice their religion. | 194 | |
| 12455106766 | Ulama | Religious scholars, Sunni Muslims believe that religious authority emerges from them. | 195 | |
| 12455106767 | Umayyad Caliphate | (r. 661-750) Arab rule expanded, caliph became hereditary position, and the capital moved to Damascus. Disliked by Shia and non-Muslims, lived very luxuriously. Overthrown by Abbasids in 750. | 196 | |
| 12455106768 | Abbasid caliphate | Capital in Baghdad, oversaw flourishing civilization in which non-Arabs gained new prominence. Heavy Persian influence. Began fracturing into sultanate sin the 9th century, officially ended in 1258 with Mongol conquest. | 197 | |
| 12455106769 | Sikhism | A blend of Islam (esp. Monotheism) and Hinduism (karma, rebirth), founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539). | 198 | |
| 12455106770 | Anatolia | (Turkey). At first, ruled by Byzantines and largely Greek speaking Christians. Invaded by Turkic peoples, by 1500 90% Muslim and largely Turkic speaking. Unlike India, huge cultural change. Heartland of Ottoman Empire. | 199 | |
| 12455106771 | Ibn Battuta | 14th Century Arab Moroccan traveler, disapproved of Anatolia's freer Islamic women, same in West Afruca. | 200 | |
| 12455106772 | Timbuktu | By 16th century, became a center of Islamic learning, with mosques, schools, higher education, and libraries. | 201 | |
| 12455106773 | Sharia | Islamic law, which is considered the one law for both secular and religious matters. Regulated every aspect of life. Developed primarily in 8th and 9th century by Ulama. Different schools of Sharia thought emerged. | 202 | |
| 12455106774 | Pastoralism | Lived in areas where farming was difficult, instead focused their economies on the raising of livestock. Emerged only in the Afro-Eurasian world. Less productive economies, smaller populations, kin based group organization, better status for women, and more egalitarian than agricultural societies. Mobile. Connected to, and dependent on, agricultural neighbors. Hard to organize into states. | 203 | |
| 12455106775 | Turks | From Mongolia and Northern Siberia, migrated westward and created a series of empires between 552-965. Alliance of tribes headed by single leader. Allied, traded with, exacted tribute, and raided China, Persia, and Byzantium. Converted to Islam, moved to Middle East, first skates to Abbasid, later took military power themselves. Created Seljuk Turk empire in 11th and 12th centuries, became sultans. Brought Islam and Turkic culture to Anatolia and the Ottoman Empire. | 204 | |
| 12455106776 | Temujin/Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227) Father murdered, family held together by mother. Built up a small band of followers, allied with powerful tribal leaders, and rose to power from complex tribal politics. In 1206 Mongol tribal assembly recognized him as supreme leader of Mongol nation. To keep tribe together decided to attack China, first assault launched 1209. | 205 | |
| 12455106777 | Khubilai Khan | Khan's grandson, Mongol leader of China from 1271 to 1294, gave ancestors Chinese names, improved roads, built canals, lowered taxes, patronized the arts, limited the death penalty, supported farmers, and stopped Mongols from grazing on peasant land. Adopted some religious practices, still harsh. | 206 | |
| 12455106778 | Hulegu | Grandson of Khan, led the attack on Persia and Iraq (1251-1258), toppled Abbasid Caliphate, and massacred more than 200,000 people. Disaster for agricultural land and heavily taxed peasants. | 207 | |
| 12455106779 | Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde | Mongol conquest of Russia, never really occupied cities, grazed herds on steppes, and collected tribute from Russian princes, whom they appointed. Russian Orthodox Church grew. No direct rule=Little assimilation. State centered in Moscow. Mongols forced out by 15th century. | 208 | |
| 12455106780 | Black Death/Plague | Another name for the plague. Decimated much of Eurasia and North Africa, spreading from east to west, in the fourteenth century. Spread by fleas on rats. Killed from 1/3 to 2/3 of people in Europe, helped to topple Yuan dynasty in China. Spread on Silk Road, cut off much trade. Originated in Central Asia. Reached Europe/Middle East by 1347. Better working pay for laborers, more opportunities for women. Europeans take to the sea. | 209 | |
| 12455106781 | Ming dynasty China | China was taken back to the traditions of Tang/Song Dynasties. Time of recultivation, rebuilding, and reforesting occurred. | 210 | |
| 12455106782 | Zheng He | Muslim sailor who led expeditions for China in the Pacific | 211 | |
| 12455106783 | European Renaissance | A time of rebirth of culture in Europe in the fifteenth century. Helped to bridge the time between the middle ages and modern history. | 212 | |
| 12455106784 | Ottoman Empire | a former Turkish empire that was founded about 1300 by Osman and reached its greatest territorial extent under Suleiman in the 16th century; collapsed after World War I. Capital: Constantinople. | 213 | |
| 12455106785 | Seizure of Constantinople (1453) | The siege of the capital of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most heavily fortified cities in the world, took place in 1453. Sultan Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Turks, led the assault. | 214 | |
| 12455106786 | Aztec Empire | A member of a people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century. They practiced human sacrifice. | 215 | |
| 12455106787 | Inca Empire | A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest. The empire encompassed the Andes Mountains. | 216 | |
| 12455106788 | Pope Urban II | French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade | 217 | |
| 12455106789 | Yuan Dynasty | Dynasty governing China in the 13th and 14th century, Mongol Dynasty | 218 | |
| 12455106790 | Excommunicate | officially exclude (someone) from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church. | 219 | |
| 12455106791 | Hundred Year's War | A war between France and England that lasted from the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth. The kings of England invaded France, trying to claim the throne. | 220 | |
| 12455106792 | Mansa Musa | was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. He became emperor in 1307. He was the first African ruler to be widely known throughout Europe and the Middle East. | 221 | |
| 12455106793 | Ilkhanate | was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu. | 222 | |
| 12455106794 | Humanism | an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. | 223 | |
| 12455106795 | Vikings | any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th-11th centuries. | 224 |
