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| 12308765971 | Henry IV | King of France that sanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvinists, converted to Catholicism for the sake of solidifying his power. His rule saw increasing emphasis on national sovereignty. | 0 | |
| 12308765972 | Henry VIII | A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, He established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. (1491-1547) | 1 | |
| 12308765974 | Charles V | Was ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519, as well as of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1506. | 2 | |
| 12308765975 | Philip II | King of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) | 3 | |
| 12308765976 | Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand | A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus. | 4 | |
| 12308765978 | Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. | 5 | |
| 12308765979 | Oliver Cromwell | Was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. | 6 | |
| 12308765980 | Charles II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. | 7 | |
| 12308765981 | James II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary (later, Mary II) and her husband, William of Orange. | 8 | |
| 12308765982 | William and Mary | Ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II. | 9 | |
| 12308765983 | Jean Bodin | Was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty; he was also an influential writer on demonology. | 10 | |
| 12308765984 | Cardinal Richelieu | Was the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants. | 11 | |
| 12308765985 | Louis XIV | Ruled 1643-1715, King of France, his reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies. | 12 | |
| 12308765986 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Was a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself. | 13 | |
| 12308765987 | Thirty Years War | A war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants. | 14 | |
| 12308765988 | War of the Spanish Succession | A war (1701-14) fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain. | 15 | |
| 12308765989 | Maritime Empires | A state with primarily maritime realms—an empire that spans considerable spaces over oceans | 16 | |
| 12308765990 | Sepoys | An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. | 17 | |
| 12308765991 | Huguenots | A French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France. | 18 | |
| 12308765992 | Clunaic Reforms | Were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor. | 19 | |
| 12308765993 | Simony | The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices. | 20 | |
| 12308765994 | Reformed Church of Scotland | Is a Christian denomination. It is the original church of the Reformed Presbyterian tradition (commonly known as the RP's). The RPCS formed in 1690 when its members declined to be part of the establishment. | 21 | |
| 12308765995 | Anglican Church | The Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it as to doctrine and discipline and are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. | 22 | |
| 12308765996 | Johannes Kepler | Was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. | 23 | |
| 12308765997 | Francis Bacon | Was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. | 24 | |
| 12308765998 | Galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) | 25 | |
| 12308765999 | Sir Isaac Newton | English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727). | 26 | |
| 12308766000 | Michaelangelo | Was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. | 27 | |
| 12308766001 | Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519. Italian painter, engineer, and scientist. | 28 | |
| 12308766002 | John Locke | A seventeenth-century English philosopher. Argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it. | 29 | |
| 12308766003 | Adam Smith | Is one of the world's most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history. | 30 | |
| 12308766004 | Edict of Nates | Signed probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. | 31 | |
| 12308766005 | Peace of Westaphilia | Was a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence. | 32 | |
| 12308766006 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 33 | |
| 12308766007 | Spanish Armada | the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588 | 34 | |
| 12308766009 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler | 35 | |
| 12308766010 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | 36 | |
| 12308766013 | Glorious Revolution | the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689) | 37 | |
| 12308766014 | English Bill of Rights | 1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament | 38 | |
| 12308766015 | Divine Right | the claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God | 39 | |
| 12308766016 | intendants | French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice. | 40 | |
| 12308766017 | Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. | 41 | |
| 12308766021 | Martin luther | German monk who started the Protestant Reformation | 42 | |
| 12308766022 | 95 Theses | Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517. | 43 | |
| 12308766023 | indulgences | pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment | 44 | |
| 12308766024 | John Calvin | Believed in predestination, as well as in the importance of living a good life and obeying God's laws. | 45 | |
| 12308766027 | Puritans | a group of Anglicans in England who wanted to purify their church of Catholic ways | 46 | |
| 12308766028 | Jesuits | members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola | 47 | |
| 12308766029 | Council of Trent | A meeting held to discuss and reform practices of the Catholic Church. | 48 | |
| 12308766031 | Social Contract Theory | An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed | 49 | |
| 12308766032 | Empiricism | the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation | 50 | |
| 12308766033 | Scholasticism | a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason | 51 | |
| 12308766034 | Joint Stock Companies | Groups of investors who shared in the success or failure of creating colonies | 52 | |
| 12308766035 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 53 | |
| 12308766039 | Wealth of Nations | written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics | 54 | |
| 12308766040 | Commercial Revolution | the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries | 55 | |
| 12308766041 | East India Company | An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia. | 56 | |
| 12308766045 | Bartholomew Diaz | (1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488. | 57 | |
| 12308766046 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain; he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521) | 58 |
