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| 7299777456 | Page 12 - Seeking the Main Point 1. What arguments does this chapter make for paying serious attention to human history before the coming of "civilization?" | Scholars learned a great deal about Paleolithic and Neolithic peoples through their material remains, which further our understanding of hunters/gatherers and early agricultural societies. Paleolithic achievements: initial settlement of Earth, created earliest societies, reflection of life & death. Breakthrough to agriculture (!!!). Early ancestors, although slower than today, brought change faster than all other species. Changes were cultural or learned, NOT as a product of biological evolution. This served as a foundation of human history. | 0 | |
| 7299778000 | Page 14 - Change 2. What was the sequence of human migration across the planet? | Human migration out of Africa led first to the Middle East and from there westward into Europe about 45,000 years ago and eastward into Asia. Southern France and northern Spain are the most studied areas of early human settlement. Colder Ice Age climates around 20,000 years ago pushed more northernly European peoples southward into warmer regions. Early human migration to Australia 60,000 years ago came from Indonesia and was the first to involve the use of boats. People settled sparsely in most regions of the continent over time. The earliest settlement of the Western Hemisphere occurred much later than that of Australia, because humans had to first cross frigid eastern Siberia. The last phase of large-scale human migration took place in the Pacific Ocean and was quite distinctive; it occurred quite recently (c. 3,500 years ago from the Bismarck and Solomon Islands as well as the Philippines), it was a waterborne migration, making use of oceangoing canoes and navigational skills, and it happened very quickly and over a large area of the planet. | 1 | |
| 7299780919 | Page 20 - Change 3. How did Austronesian migrations differ from other early patterns of human movement? | In contrast with all of the other initial migrations, the Austronesian Pacific voyages were undertaken by agricultural people who carried both domesticated plants and animals in their canoes. Both men and women journeyed, indicating deliberate intention to colonize new lands. Virtually everywhere they went, two developments followed: the creation of highly stratified societies or chiefdoms (e.g. ancient Hawaiian society) and a profound ecological impact of this initial intrusion into a pristine environment, e.g. extensive deforestation and the quick extinction of many species of animals (especially large flightless birds such as the moa of New Zealand, who went extinct within a century of human arrival). | 2 | |
| 7299783063 | Page 21 - Change 4. In what ways did a gathering and hunting economy shape other aspects of Paleolithic societies? | Relationships between women and men were usually far more equal than in later societies. Women were the primary food gatherers and provided the bulk of the family's sustenance. In some cultures such as the San people in southern Africa, plants (gathered by women) provided 70% of the diet, while meat (hunted by men) provided 30%. This division of labor supported the foundation of "relative equality between the sexes with no-one having the upper hand." (anthropologist Richard Lee) Although polygamy was permitted, most marriages were in fact monogamous because women strongly resisted the practice of sharing their husband. Frequent divorces among very young couples allowed women to leave unsatisfactory marriages easily. Longer-term marriages seemed to be generally fulfilling and stable. Various rules about incest and adultery governed sexual behavior, while understandings about who could hunt or gather in particular territories regulated economic activity. Leaders arose as needed to organize a task such as a hunt, but without conferring permanent power on individuals. Hunter-gatherers worked fewer hours to meet their material needs than did people in agricultural or industrial societies and so had more leisure time. They've been recognized as "the original affluent society," because they wanted/needed so little. They also acted to alter the natural environment substantially; the use of slash-and-burn agriculture changed the landscape and in Australia led to the proliferation of fire-resistant eucalyptus trees at the expense of other plant species. | 3 | |
| 7299784099 | Page 24 - Change 5. Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon earlier, more nomadic ways and begin to live a more settled life? | Changes in Paleolithic cultures occurred over time as people moved into new environments, as populations grew, as climates altered, and as different human groups interacted with one another. For example, in Afro-Eurasia 25,000 years ago, miniaturization was applied to the construction of stone tools. In northeastern Africa 16,000 years ago, Paleolithic people also started to collect wild grains, which added to the basic food supply of roots, berries, and nuts. As the last Ice Age came to an end 10-16,000 years ago, plants and animals that had struggled to survive now flourished and increased their range, providing a much richer and more diverse environment for many human societies. Under these improved conditions, human populations grew, and some previously nomadic hunter-gatherer communities found it possible to settle down and live in more permanent settlements or villages. These societies were becoming both larger and more complex, making it a more permanent place to live. Households were now able to store and accumulate goods to a greater degree. | 4 | |
| 7299785939 | Page 25 - Practicing AP Historical Thinking 6. How do you understand the significance of the long Paleolithic era in the larger context of world history? | The Paleolithic era had a profound effect on the world as a whole. The human population increased and hunting and gathering communities eventually settled, grew, and adopted a sedentary lifestyle. This allowed the Neolithic revolution to occur, which marked the start of the Agricultural era. Humans were able to control their food supply and implement technological innovations which were meant to simplify their changing lifestyle. | 5 | |
| 7299786596 | Page 27 - Zooming In 7. In what ways has Göbekli Tepe forced historians to rethink earlier views? | Göbekli Tepe was constructed by hunter-gatherers, who lived for at least part of the year in settled villages; to date, there is no evidence of agriculture or domesticated animals. The tens of thousands of animal bone fragments suggest that Tepe's constructors ate wild gazelles, pigs, sheep, deer, vultures, and ducks, as well as native wild plants. The construction of the large temple was previously only associated with agricultural societies, which forced historians to rethink earlier views. | 6 | |
| 7299789144 | 8. How does this archeological discovery affect your own understanding of the Paleolithic era? | Although Göbekli Tepe was constructed by pre-agricultural peoples, its construction process may have played a role in the breakthrough to farming in the region. The need for food to supply those who built and maintained Göbekli Tepe may have triggered agricultural development. Various aspects of Paleolithic peoples, including those who constructed on a large scale, settled in villages, and institutionalized religion were precursors to agriculture. | 7 | |
| 7299790318 | Page 28 - Change 9. What accounts for the emergence of agriculture after countless millennia of human life without it? | The Agricultural Revolution coincided with the end of the last Ice Age (16,000 years ago), as well as the migration of Homo sapiens across the planet. This created new conditions that made agriculture more possible in some areas. Furthermore, climate change in some areas pushed various species of large mammals into extinction, adding to the pressure to find new food sources. The warmer, wetter, and more stable conditions, particularly in the tropical and temperate regions of the earth, also permitted the flourishing of more wild plants such as cereal grasses. | 8 | |
| 7299791611 | Page 32 - Comparison 10. In what different ways did the Agricultural Revolution take shape in various parts of the world? | The several transitions to hoe-based agriculture (horticulture) varied considerably depending on what plants and animals were available locally. Various tools, techniques, and technologies had to be available throughout the world. The Fertile Crescent, for example, was the first area to experience a full Agricultural Revolution; in this region was an extraordinary variety of wild plants and animals capable of domestication. Some have argued that a cold and dry spell between 11,000-9500 B.C.E. (a rapid interruption in global warming) stimulated the transition to farming. Larger settled populations, now threatened with the loss of their wild plants/animals, turned to domestication during or soon after the dry spell. Around the same time in Africa began the domestication of animals when they moved into present-day Sudan, which had extensive grassland vegetation and was relatively hospitable to human life. Scattered locations of domestication in Africa generated a less productive agriculture than in the Fertile Crescent. | 9 | |
| 7299792318 | Page 36 - Connection 11. In what ways did agriculture spread? Where and why was it sometimes resisted? | Agriculture spread in two ways. The first, diffusion, refers to the gradual spread of agricultural techniques (possibly as well as plants and animals) without the extensive movement of agricultural people. Neighboring groups exchanged ideas and products. The second process involved the slow colonization/migration of agricultural peoples due to growing population. This often lead to conquest, absorption, or displacement of the earlier hunter-gatherers as well as the spread of languages and cultures. Agriculture was resisted in Australia, the west coast of North America, arctic regions, and southwestern Africa; they were all steadfast hunter-gatherers. | 10 | |
| 7299794528 | Page 37 - Change 12. What changes did the Agricultural Revolution bring in its wake? | The Agricultural Revolution led to an increase in human population as a surplus of food was created, the spread of languages and cultures of migrating farmers, and the beginning of sedentary civilizations. In a growing number of places, forests and grasslands became cultivated fields and grazing lands. Human selection modified the genetic composition of numerous plants and animals. In parts of the Middle East, some villages were abandoned when soil erosion and deforestation led to declining crop yields. Agriculture also led to the outbreak of new diseases as a result of living close to animals and a deterioration in the health of farmers. Relying on a small number of plants or animals also rendered early agricultural societies vulnerable to famine (crop failure, drought, etc.). | 11 | |
| 7299795118 | Page 39 - Zooming In 13. What accounts for the ability of Ishi's people to survive into the twentieth century? | Ishi's people were able to survive into the twentieth century because the undertook great efforts to conceal their presence, including blurring traditional gender roles, jumping from rock to rock so as to avoid making footprints, grinding acorns on smooth stones rather than on more obvious hollowed-out rocks and carefully camouflaging their dwellings and campfires. | 12 | |
| 7299795192 | 14. What emotional or moral posture toward Ishi's life seems most appropriate? What perspectives does it lend to the larger story of the gradual erosion of gathering and hunting societies the world over? | Ishi's story provokes feelings of compassion and sympathy. His story is one of many hunter-gatherer societies being taken over by agricultural societies. His people were not able to live in peace and comfort due to the development of other civilizations. | 13 | |
| 7299799899 | Page 41 - Comparison 15. What different kinds of societies emerged out of the Agricultural Revolution? | -Pastoralists Farming impossible in region; domesticated animals -Agricultural village societies Settled in village-based communities as farmers -Chiefdoms Chiefs used generosity, ritual status, or personal charisma to persuade followers | 14 | |
| 7299801598 | Page 46 - Practicing AP Historical Thinking 16. What was revolutionary about the Agricultural Revolution? | The domestication of plants and animals allowed room for a large growth in the human population. Humankind had the power to dominate nature and eventually other humans. Many of the resources released by the Agricultural Revolution accumulated in the hands of a few. Rich and poor, chiefs and commoners, landowners and dependent peasants, rulers and subjects, dominant men and subordinate women, slaves and free people- these distinctions were created as a result of high economic surplus generated from highly productive agricultural settings. | 15 | |
| 7299812607 | Mapping Migrations: Use the following sources, as well as the text, to answer the questions. - A Map of Time, page 13 - Map 1.1 The Global Dispersion of Humankind, pages 16-17 - Map 1.2, Migration of Austronesian-Speaking People, page 19 - Map 1.3, The Global Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism, pages 30-31 | 16 | ||
| 7299817190 | 1. Describe a rough timeline of human migration across the globe, starting in Africa on Map 1.1. What places did humans migrate to earliest? | Africa: 100,000 years ago Asia: 70,000 years ago Australia: 40-60,000 years ago Europe: 45,000 years ago North America: 15-30,000 years ago South America: 12,500 years ago Pacific Islands: 3,500 years ago Madagascar: 1,500 years ago New Zealand: 1,000 years ago Easter Island: 800-1,000 years ago | 17 | |
| 7299818775 | 2. Use the map scale to calculate approximately how far Austronesian-speaking peoples traveled over the centuries by boat from the Philippines to Hawaii, New Zealand, and Madagascar. To which of the three locations did people arrive last? | Hawaii: nearly 6,000 miles New Zealand: 10,000 miles Madagascar: 6,153 miles People arrived last at New Zealand. | 18 | |
| 7299819999 | 3. Compare the migration of people shown in Map 1.1 to the spread of agriculture shown in Map 1.3. Do you see any similarities in the two maps? Differences? | The hearth of both migration and agriculture was in Africa and Southwest Asia, from where they diffused to Europe and Asia. From Asia, humans and agriculture spread south, while they spread northwest from Europe. The southern migration from the Americas of humans was in contrast to the spread of agriculture in South America from the following hearths: Mesoamerica, the Andean region, the Amazon River Valley, and Eastern North America. | 19 | |
| 7299820894 | 4. What, in your view, caused people to migrate in ancient times? Why do humans continue to migrate? | In both ancient and modern times, humans migrate(d) for freedom, economic opportunity, to escape conflict, and for comfort and security. In ancient times, climate was a deciding factor in migration, as well as following game to hunt. In modern times, people may migrate to ethnoburbs in search of an increased sense of community, and other places that provide a higher quality of life. | 20 | |
| 7299821219 | 5. What were some effects of the migrations seen in these sources? | The migrations seen in these sources established hearths for agricultural communities to flourish. The cultivation of plants and animals led to deforestation and the extinction of many native species. | 21 |
