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| 13578157178 | neurons | A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane. |  | 0 |
| 13578194075 | Forebrain | top of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex; responsible for emotional regulation, complex thought, memory aspect of personality | 1 | |
| 13578200863 | Midbrain | the middle division of brain responsible for hearing and sight; location where pain is registered; includes temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and most of the parietal lobe | 2 | |
| 13578206116 | Hindbrain | division which includes the cerebellum, Pons, and medulla; responsible for involuntary processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles | 3 | |
| 13578211028 | Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. | 4 | |
| 13578157180 | ganglia | clusters (functional group) of nerve cell bodies in a centralized nervous system. |  | 5 |
| 13578157181 | central nervous system (CNS) | In vertebrate animals, the brain and spinal cord. |  | 6 |
| 13578157182 | peripheral nervous system (PNS) | The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the CNS and carries info in and out |  | 7 |
| 13578157183 | nerve | A ropelike bundle of neuron fibers (axons and dendrites) tightly wrapped in connective tissue. |  | 8 |
| 13578157184 | interneurons | An association neuron; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output. Form local circuits connecting neurons in the brain. | 9 | |
| 13578157185 | motor neurons | A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands. |  | 10 |
| 13578157186 | cell body | The part of a cell, such as a neuron, that houses the organelles |  | 11 |
| 13578157187 | dendrites | one of usually numerous, short, highly branched processes of a neuron that convey nerve impulses toward the cell body. | 12 | |
| 13578157188 | axon | A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells. | 13 | |
| 13578157189 | synapse | The locus where one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway; a narrow gap |  | 14 |
| 13578157190 | neurotransmitters | A chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell. Passes info from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell. | | 15 |
| 13578157191 | presynaptic neuron | the neuron transmitting the signal | 16 | |
| 13578157192 | postsynaptic neuron | the neuron, muscle, or gland cell receiving the signal | 17 | |
| 13578157193 | glia | Supporting cells that are essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system and for the normal functioning of neurons. A nonconducting cell of the nervous system that provides support, insulation, and protection for the neurons. | 18 | |
| 13578157194 | membrane potential | The charge difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances. | 19 | |
| 13578157195 | resting potential | The membrane potential characteristic of a nonconducting, excitable cell, with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside (usually between -60 to -80 mV). | 20 | |
| 13578157196 | potassium ions | K+ (usually has higher concentration inside mammalian neuron) | 21 | |
| 13578157197 | sodium ions | Na+ (usually has higher concentration outside mammalian neuron) | 22 | |
| 13578157198 | sodium-pottasium pumps | A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients. |  | 23 |
| 13578157199 | equilibrium potential | the membrane potential where the net flow through any open channels is 0; the chemical and electrical forces are in balance | 24 | |
| 13578157200 | hyperpolarization | An electrical state whereby the inside of the cell is made more negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential. A neuron membrane is hyperpolarized if a stimulus increases its voltage from the resting potential of -70 mV, reducing the chance that the neuron will transmit a nerve impulse. |  | 25 |
| 13578157201 | depolarization | An electrical state in an excitable cell whereby the inside of the cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential. A neuron membrane is depolarized if a stimulus decreases its voltage from the resting potential of -70 mV in the direction of zero voltage. |  | 26 |
| 13578157202 | action potential | A rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels. | | 27 |
| 13578157203 | voltage-gated channels | Specialized ion channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential. | 28 | |
| 13578157204 | threshold | The potential an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated. | 29 | |
| 13578157205 | undershoot | final phase of action potential |  | 30 |
| 13578157206 | refractory period | The short time immediately after an action potential in which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to an increase in potassium permeability. |  | 31 |
| 13578157207 | myelin sheath | In a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membrane from Schwann cells that is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier, where saltatory conduction occurs. |  | 32 |
| 13578157208 | oligodendrocytes | Glial cells that form insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. | 33 | |
| 13578157209 | Schwann cells | Glial cells that form insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. |  | 34 |
| 13578157210 | nodes of Renvier | The small gaps in the myelin sheath between successive glial cells along the axon of a neuron; also, the site of high concentration of voltage-gated ion channels. |  | 35 |
| 13578157211 | saltatory conduction | Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane. | 36 | |
| 13578157212 | electrical synapses | contain gap junctions which do allow electrical current to flow directly from one neuron to another | 37 | |
| 13578157213 | chemical synapses | most synapses, which involve the release of a chemical neurotransmitter by the pre-synaptic neuron |  | 38 |
| 13578157214 | synaptic vesicles | membrane-bound compartments of synthesized neurotransmitters |  | 39 |
| 13578157215 | synaptic cleft | gap that separates the presynaptic neuron with the postsynaptic neuron |  | 40 |
| 13578157216 | ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. | 41 | |
| 13578157217 | ligand-gated ion channel | A protein pore in the plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions. |  | 42 |
| 13578157218 | postsynaptic potential | graded potential in the postsynaptic cell | 43 | |
| 13578157219 | post-synaptic membrane | The plasma membrane of the cell body or dendrite on the other side of the synapse. | 44 | |
| 13578157220 | excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) | An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential. | 45 | |
| 13578157221 | second messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein. | 46 | |
| 13578157222 | acetylcholine | One of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane. | 47 | |
| 13578157223 | neuromuscular junction | chemical synapse between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber, through which a signal is transmitted that ultimately cause the muscle to contract |  | 48 |
| 13578157224 | glutamate | An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter. Most common neurotransmitter. | 49 | |
| 13578157225 | gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter. At most inhibitory synapses in the brain. | 50 | |
| 13578157226 | norepinephrine | A hormone that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine. Made from tyrosine. An excitory neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. A biogenic amine. | 51 | |
| 13578157227 | dopamine | A biogenic amine made from tyrosine, released in the brain, affect sleep, mood, attention, and learning. In psychoactive drugs like LSD. | 52 | |
| 13578157228 | serotonin | A biogenic amine synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, released in the brain, affect sleep, mood, attention, and learning. In psychoactive drugs like LSD. | 53 | |
| 13578157229 | endorphins | Any of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception. | 54 | |
| 13578157230 | Gated ion channels | Ion channels that open or close in response to stimuli. The opening or closing of gated ion channels alters the membrane's permeability to particular ions, which in turn alters the membrane potential. | 55 |
