Terms : Hide Images
| 13682448429 | altitude | distance above a particular point | 0 | |
| 13682448430 | arid | extremely dry | 1 | |
| 13682450787 | asthenosphere | the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur |  | 2 |
| 13682450788 | atmospheric pressure | the pressure exerted by atoms and molecules in the atmosphere surrounding Earth, resulting from collisions of these particles with objects | 3 | |
| 13682454837 | clay | the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter | 4 | |
| 13746536821 | climate | the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period | 5 | |
| 13746540402 | cold front | forms when cold air moves under warm air which is less dense and pushes air up (produces thunderstorms heavy rain or snow |  | 6 |
| 13746543510 | condensation | the change of state from a gas to a liquid | 7 | |
| 13746546560 | convection current | a current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid |  | 8 |
| 13746552370 | convection cells | large wind patterns in Earth's atmosphere caused by convection | 9 | |
| 13746554611 | convergent plate boundary | an area where plates move toward one another and collide |  | 10 |
| 13746557395 | core | the central part of the earth below the mantle |  | 11 |
| 13746562261 | Coriolis effect | the effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. |  | 12 |
| 13746593884 | crust | the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle |  | 13 |
| 13746603522 | density | the degree of compactness of a substance | 14 | |
| 13746607951 | divergent plate boundary | boundary between tectonic plates in which the two plates move away from each other, and new crust is created between them |  | 15 |
| 13746611703 | earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action |  | 16 |
| 13746619573 | elevation | the height of land above sea level | 17 | |
| 13746638421 | erosion | the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another | 18 | |
| 13746647734 | evaporation | the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas | 19 | |
| 13746650637 | front | a boundary between two air masses |  | 20 |
| 13746657631 | greenhouse effect | warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere |  | 21 |
| 13746661740 | greenhouse gases | gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect | 22 | |
| 13746664866 | groundwater | water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers | 23 | |
| 13746666690 | gully erosion | removal of layers of soil, creating channels or ravines too large to be removed by normal tillage operations | 24 | |
| 13746670115 | hot spots | places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere |  | 25 |
| 13746676383 | humus | material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter | 26 | |
| 13746676384 | hydrosphere | all the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans | 27 | |
| 13746681451 | igneous rock | a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface | 28 | |
| 13746681452 | infiltration | flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface | 29 | |
| 13746688023 | inorganic compounds | compounds that do not contain carbon | 30 | |
| 13746688024 | jet stream | a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere | 31 | |
| 13746690472 | latitude | distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees | 32 | |
| 13746693615 | leaching | the transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater | 33 | |
| 13746696590 | lithosphere | the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle |  | 34 |
| 13746698709 | loams | soils containing a mixture of clay, sand, silt, and humus; good for growing most crops | 35 | |
| 13746704805 | mantle | the layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core |  | 36 |
| 13746710284 | metamorphic rock | a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions | 37 | |
| 13746714631 | micronutrients | vitamins and minerals | 38 | |
| 13746717860 | mineral resource | all discovered and undiscovered deposits of a useful mineral that can be extracted now or at some time in the future | 39 | |
| 13746720160 | monsoons | seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons | 40 | |
| 13746724235 | natural recharge | process in which aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation that percolates downward through soil and rock | 41 | |
| 13746728130 | organic compounds | carbon-based molecules | 42 | |
| 13746730380 | ozone layer | a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun |  | 43 |
| 13746735487 | parent material | the rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived | 44 | |
| 13746735488 | permeability | ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it | 45 | |
| 13746741035 | porosity | the volume of open spaces in rock or soil | 46 | |
| 13746744362 | precipitation | any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface | 47 | |
| 13746754054 | rain shadow effect | low precipitation on the far side (leeward side) of a mountain when prevailing winds flow up and over a high mountain or range of high mountains, creates semiarid and arid conditions on the leeward side of a high mountain range |  | 48 |
| 13746758447 | rift | a split, break, breach |  | 49 |
| 13746764025 | rill | a tiny groove in soil made by flowing water | 50 | |
| 13746767398 | ring of fire | a major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean |  | 51 |
| 13746772876 | runoff | water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground | 52 | |
| 13746772877 | sand | the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05,2.0 mm in diameter. | 53 | |
| 13746775812 | sedimentary rock | a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together | 54 | |
| 13746779566 | sheet | a type of erosion in which surface water or wind peels off thin layers of soil | 55 | |
| 13746799481 | silt | a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks | 56 | |
| 13746806713 | soil erosion | wearing away of surface soil by water and wind | 57 | |
| 13746806714 | soil horizons | horizontal layers that reveal a soil's history, characteristics, and usefulness |  | 58 |
| 13746811947 | soil permeability | rate at which water and air move from upper to lower soil layers | 59 | |
| 13746811948 | soil porosity | a measure of the volume of pores or spaces per volume of soil and the average distances between those spaces | 60 | |
| 13746814474 | soil profile | a vertical section through a soil showing its succession of horizons and the underlying parent material | 61 | |
| 13746819126 | soil structure | how the particles that make up a soil are organized and clumped together | 62 | |
| 13746822294 | soil texture | the soil quality that is based on the proportions of soil particles | 63 | |
| 13746822295 | stratosphere | the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere |  | 64 |
| 13746832215 | subduction | the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary |  | 65 |
| 13746838165 | surface runoff | water that flows over land until it reaches lakes, rivers, or other areas | 66 | |
| 13746838166 | surface water | water that collects on the surface of the ground | 67 | |
| 13746844980 | tectonic plates | sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents |  | 68 |
| 13746854030 | temperature inversion | atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near the earth's surface |  | 69 |
| 13746859610 | terrestrial | relating to the land | 70 | |
| 13746859611 | thermal inversion | A situation in which a relatively warm layer of air at mid-altitude covers a layer of cold, dense air below | 71 | |
| 13746865861 | trade winds | prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator |  | 72 |
| 13746869792 | transform fault | area where the earth's lithospheric plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere |  | 73 |
| 13746874617 | transpiration | evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant | 74 | |
| 13746877117 | troposphere | the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere |  | 75 |
| 13746883120 | upwelling | the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface |  | 76 |
| 13746885891 | warm front | a front where warm air moves over cold air and brings drizzly rain and then are followed by warm and clear weather |  | 77 |
| 13746888367 | water cycle | the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back |  | 78 |
| 13746891783 | waterlogging | saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface | 79 | |
| 13746896491 | water table | the upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater | 80 | |
| 13746903410 | watershed | the land area that supplies water to a river system |  | 81 |
| 13746907664 | weather | the condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. | 82 | |
| 13746910476 | weathering | the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface | 83 | |
| 13746914079 | zone of aeration | the upper zone which usually isn't completely filled with water, but with rocks and soil too | 84 | |
| 13746925681 | zone of illuviation | movement of dissolved material from higher soil layers to lower with the downward movement of water | 85 | |
| 13746938462 | zone of saturation | the lower zone where water accumulates between small rock particles | 86 | |
| 13748793241 | abiotic | non-living things | 87 | |
| 13748795854 | adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival | 88 | |
| 13748798264 | aerobic respiration | respiration that requires oxygen | 89 | |
| 13748801180 | ammonification | the formation of ammonia compounds in the soil by the action of bacteria on decaying matter | 90 | |
| 13748803208 | assimilation | the process of incorporating a nutrient into an organism's cells | 91 | |
| 13748811699 | autotroph | an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide | 92 | |
| 13748822135 | background extinction | extinction caused by slow and steady process of natural selection | 93 | |
| 13748825066 | bacteria | single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes | 94 | |
| 13748827648 | benthos | organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor | 95 | |
| 13748831503 | biodiversity | the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem | 96 | |
| 13748834364 | biogeochemical cycle | process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another | 97 | |
| 13748836574 | biological diversity | the presence of many different types of organisms in an ecosystem | 98 | |
| 13748836575 | biome | group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities | 99 | |
| 13748840484 | biosphere | part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere | 100 | |
| 13748843087 | biotic | living things | 101 | |
| 13748844925 | deciduous plants | plants that lose all of their leaves for part of the year | 102 | |
| 13748848103 | carbon cycle | the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back | 103 | |
| 13748911451 | carbon sink | a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere | 104 | |
| 13748915920 | carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals | 105 | |
| 13748918379 | climax community | a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes | 106 | |
| 13748921480 | coastal wetland | coastal land areas covered with water all or part of the year | 107 | |
| 13748921481 | commensalism | an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm | 108 | |
| 13748925867 | community | all the different populations that live together in an area | 109 | |
| 13748928674 | competitive exclusion | strong competition can lead to local elimination of one of the species | 110 | |
| 13748932840 | coniferous trees | trees that produce their seeds in cones and have leaves shaped like needles | 111 | |
| 13748932842 | coral reef | a structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm, shallow ocean water | 112 | |
| 13748936299 | decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter | 113 | |
| 13748942841 | denitrification | process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas | 114 | |
| 13748947295 | detritivore | organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter | 115 | |
| 13748962353 | detritus | dead organic matter | 116 | |
| 13748965104 | detritus feeder | organism that extracts nutrients from fragments of dead organisms and their cast-off parts and organic wastes; examples are earthworms, termites, and crabs | 117 | |
| 13748970375 | diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | 118 | |
| 13748973760 | ecological diversity | the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth | 119 | |
| 13748984895 | ecological niche | the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment | 120 | |
| 13748984896 | ecology | scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment | 121 | |
| 13748986814 | ecosystem | a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment | 122 | |
| 13748991321 | endangered species | a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction | 123 | |
| 13748994409 | endemic species | species that are native to and found only within a limited area | 124 | |
| 13748997406 | energy productivity | a measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system | 125 | |
| 13748999962 | estuary | a habitat in which the freshwater of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. | 126 | |
| 13749004615 | evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | 127 | |
| 13749007455 | extinction | a term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals | 128 | |
| 13749013197 | fundamental niche | the niche species could potentially occupy | 129 | |
| 13769337304 | first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed | 130 | |
| 13769337305 | food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | 131 | |
| 13769341037 | food web | a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains | 132 | |
| 13769344856 | freshwater life zones | aquatic systems where water with a dissolved salt concentration of less than 1% by volume accumulates on or flows through the surfaces of terrestrial biomes; examples are standing (lentic) bodies of fresh water such as lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands and flowing (lotic) systems such as streams and rivers | 133 | |
| 13769621832 | generalist species | species with a broad ecological niche; they can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions; examples are flies, cockroaches, mice, rats, and human beings | 134 | |
| 13769648052 | genetic diversity | the range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species | 135 | |
| 13769652128 | geographic isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water | 136 | |
| 13769661059 | gross primary productivity | the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time | 137 | |
| 13769667222 | habitat | the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism | 138 | |
| 13769675099 | herbivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plants | 139 | |
| 13769678638 | heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food | 140 | |
| 13769682325 | host | an organism on which a parasite lives | 141 | |
| 13769684444 | hydrologic cycle | the movement of water through the biosphere | | 142 |
| 13769690703 | indicator species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged | 143 | |
| 13769693747 | interspecific competition | competition between members of different species | 144 | |
| 13769696727 | intraspecific competition | competition between members of the same species | 145 | |
| 13769699668 | keystone species | a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem | 146 | |
| 13769704537 | kilocalorie | a unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories | 147 | |
| 13769710464 | law of conservation of energy | the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another | 148 | |
| 13769712724 | law of conservation of matter | matter is neither created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change | 149 | |
| 13769716005 | limiting factor | any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms | 150 | |
| 13769729755 | mass extinction | event in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time | 151 | |
| 13769775811 | mutualism | a relationship between two species in which both species benefit | 152 | |
| 13769775812 | natural selection | a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits | 153 | |
| 13769778689 | net energy | total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource or energy system over its lifetime, minus the amount of energy used (the first energy law), automatically wasted (the second energy law), and unnecessarily wasted in finding, processing, concentrating, and transporting it to users | 154 | |
| 13769784895 | net primary productivity | the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire | 155 | |
| 13769789310 | niche | an organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living | 156 | |
| 13769793781 | nitrogen cycle | the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere |  | 157 |
| 13769810060 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 158 | |
| 13769814427 | nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-) | 159 | |
| 13769814428 | omnivore | a consumer that eats both plants and animals | 160 | |
| 13769822569 | parasitism | a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed | 161 | |
| 13769822570 | phosphorus cycle | the movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks |  | 162 |
| 13769909705 | photosynthesis | conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy | 163 | |
| 13769912879 | phytoplankton | photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean | 164 | |
| 13769912880 | plankton | tiny organisms that float in the water | 165 | |
| 13769916914 | pioneer species | the first species to populate an area | 166 | |
| 13769931633 | population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area | 167 | |
| 13769935511 | predation | an interaction in which one organism kills another for food. | 168 | |
| 13769943610 | primary consumer | an organism that eats producers | 169 | |
| 13769943611 | primary pollutant | a pollutant that is put directly into the atmosphere by human or natural activity | 170 | |
| 13769947788 | primary productivity | the rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances | 171 | |
| 13769950629 | primary succession | succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists | 172 | |
| 13769953196 | producer | an organism that makes its own food | 173 | |
| 13769957106 | pyramid of energy flow | diagram representing the flow of energy through each trophic level in a food chain or food web; with each energy transfer, only a small part (typically 10%) of the usable energy entering one trophic level is transferred to the organisms at the next trophic level | 174 | |
| 13769966815 | range of tolerance | the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate | 175 | |
| 13769977574 | realized niche | the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives | 176 | |
| 13769981345 | reproductive isolation | separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 177 | |
| 13769981401 | respiration | the process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain | 178 | |
| 13769987471 | resource partitioning | the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community | 179 | |
| 13769993179 | riparian zones | lush vegetation along streams or rivers | 180 | |
| 13769993180 | scavenger | a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms | 181 | |
| 13770000709 | second law of energy | energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy | 182 | |
| 13770004886 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) | 183 | |
| 13770009278 | secondary consumer | an organism that eats primary consumers | 184 | |
| 13770012827 | secondary succession | succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil | 185 | |
| 13770020197 | specialist species | species with a narrow ecological niche; they may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food | 186 | |
| 13770025544 | speciation | the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution | 187 | |
| 13770029438 | species | a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding | 188 | |
| 13770034207 | species evenness | the relative proportion of different species in a given area | 189 | |
| 13770034208 | species diversity | variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community | 190 | |
| 13770041647 | species richness | the number of different species in a community | 191 | |
| 13770047895 | sulfur cycle | the movement of sulfur around the biosphere |  | 192 |
| 13770662415 | sulfur dioxide | a colorless, corrosive gas directly damaging to both plants and animals | 193 | |
| 13770666919 | sulfuric acid | H2SO4 (Strong Acid) | 194 | |
| 13770671980 | tertiary consumers | carnivores that eat secondary consumers | 195 | |
| 13770681609 | theory of evolution | states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival | 196 | |
| 13770681610 | trophic level | step in a food chain or food web | 197 | |
| 13770685602 | age structure | number of males and females of each age in a population | 198 | |
| 13807622462 | agricultural revolution | a time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster; the production of food rose dramatically | 199 | |
| 13807626448 | baby bust | a temporary marked decrease in the birth rate | 200 | |
| 13807629796 | baby boom | the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II | 201 | |
| 13807632256 | biotic potential | the maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions | 202 | |
| 13807635098 | birth rate | the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time | 203 | |
| 13807635099 | carrying capacity | largest number of individuals of a population that an ecosystem can support | 204 | |
| 13807639247 | competitors | organisms that have the same food source and live in the same habitat | 205 | |
| 13807644991 | cost-benefit analysis | a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good | 206 | |
| 13807644992 | crude birth rate | the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population | 207 | |
| 13807648189 | crude death rate | the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people | 208 | |
| 13807651099 | death rate | the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time | 209 | |
| 13807658314 | debt-for-nature swap | forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries | 210 | |
| 13807662125 | demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates |  | 211 |
| 13807662126 | demography | the scientific study of population characteristics | 212 | |
| 13807668207 | density dependent factors | limiting factor that depends on population size | 213 | |
| 13807670036 | density independent factors | limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size | 214 | |
| 13807682587 | developed country | a modern, industrialized country in which people are generally better educated and healthier and live longer than people in developing countries do | 215 | |
| 13807685622 | developing country | a country that has low industrial production and little modern technology | 216 | |
| 13807689539 | doubling time | the time required for a population to double in size | 217 | |
| 13807693100 | ecological footprint | the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources | 218 | |
| 13807695715 | economy | the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services | 219 | |
| 13807695716 | emigration | movement of individuals out of an area | 220 | |
| 13807698054 | environmental degradation | damage to or destruction of the natural environment | 221 | |
| 13807701015 | environmental ethics | the application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and their environment | 222 | |
| 13807705111 | environmental resistance | all the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of a population | 223 | |
| 13807709575 | environmentally sustainable economic development | using political and economic systems to discourage environmentally harmful and unsustainable forms of economic growth that degrade natural capital, and to encourage environmentally beneficial and sustainable forms of economic development that help sustain natural capital | 224 | |
| 13807713318 | exponential growth | growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size |  | 225 |
| 13807713319 | external cost | an uncompensated cost that an individual or firm imposes on others | 226 | |
| 13807717863 | family planning | the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control | 227 | |
| 13807720461 | famine | a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death | 228 | |
| 13807722635 | fertility | a measure of how well soil supports plant growth | 229 | |
| 13807726717 | globalization | growth to a global or worldwide scale | 230 | |
| 13807731287 | green revolution | rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers | 231 | |
| 13807737091 | gross domestic product | the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year | 232 | |
| 13807739621 | immigration | movement of individuals into a population | 233 | |
| 13807742717 | industrial | of, relating, or characterized by industry | 234 | |
| 13807742718 | infant mortality rate | the percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country | 235 | |
| 13807749076 | K-strategists | species where organisms tend to reproduce later in life, have a smaller number of offspring, and are long living | 236 | |
| 13807752152 | J-curve | a growth curve that depicts exponential growth |  | 237 |
| 13807756057 | land degradation | occurs when natural or human-induced processes decrease the future ability of land to support crops, livestock, or wild species | 238 | |
| 13807761323 | land-use planning | determining in advance how land will be used | 239 | |
| 13807764941 | less developed country | a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development | 240 | |
| 13807802506 | life expectancy | the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions; life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. | 241 | |
| 13807806263 | linear growth | expansion that increases by the same amount during each time interval |  | 242 |
| 13807814276 | logistic growth | growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growt |  | 243 |
| 13807817548 | malnutrition | lack of proper nutrition | 244 | |
| 13807819841 | mass transit | public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people | 245 | |
| 13807819842 | more developed countries | countries with greater overall wealth; these countries tend to be more industrialized, bringing in money from manufacturing more goods | 246 | |
| 13807827803 | natural capital | natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies | 247 | |
| 13807831202 | opportunist | an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions | 248 | |
| 13807837651 | overnutrition | excess energy or nutrients | 249 | |
| 13807843175 | overshoot | when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity | 250 | |
| 13807843176 | per capita GDP | Gross Domestic Product per person | 251 | |
| 13807846884 | population density | a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land | 252 | |
| 13807853067 | population dispersion | way in which individuals of a population are spread out over an area or volume | 253 | |
| 13807853068 | population distribution | a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another | 254 | |
| 13807855531 | population dynamics | the study of short‐ and long‐term changes in the number of individuals for a given population, as affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration | 255 | |
| 13807859117 | population momentum | continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures | 256 | |
| 13807863499 | population size | the number of individuals in a population | 257 | |
| 13807863500 | post-industrial | an economy with less emphasis on heavy industry and manufacturing and more emphasis on services and technology | 258 | |
| 13807869825 | post-reproductive age | those too old to reproduce | 259 | |
| 13807869826 | poverty | inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter | 260 | |
| 13807875328 | pre-industrial | that period in development of a society when manufacturing industry has yet to develop | 261 | |
| 13807877703 | pre-reproductive age | not mature enough to reproduce | 262 | |
| 13807881103 | replacement-level fertility | the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size | 263 | |
| 13807883561 | r-strategists | a species that grow exponentially when environmental conditions allow them to reproduce | 264 | |
| 13807892784 | rule of 70 | doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate). | 265 | |
| 13807898985 | S-curve | a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S;" the leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth | | 266 |
| 13807905950 | surplus | a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded | 267 | |
| 13807908943 | survivorship curve | graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species | 268 | |
| 13807912766 | total fertility rate | the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years | 269 | |
| 13807915385 | transitional | population grows rapidly because birth rates are high and death rates drop because of improved food production and health | 270 | |
| 13807919174 | tragedy of the commons | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community | 271 | |
| 13807919175 | undernutrition | the condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health | 272 | |
| 13807922859 | urban area | an area that contains more than 385 people per square kilometer (1,000 people per square mile) | 273 | |
| 13807925954 | urban growth | the rate of increase of urban populations | 274 | |
| 13807929562 | urban sprawl | the process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land | 275 | |
| 13807932021 | urbanization | an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. | 276 |
