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| 13872101550 | Acetylcholine (LMM) | A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction | 0 | |
| 13872101551 | arousal theory | A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation. |  | 1 |
| 13872101552 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |  | 2 |
| 13872101553 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | 3 | |
| 13872101554 | Big Five Personality Traits | openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism | 4 | |
| 13872101555 | Extraversion | A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive |  | 5 |
| 13872101556 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle | 6 | |
| 13872101557 | cognitive dissonance | unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs | 7 | |
| 13872101558 | context dependent memory | The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. |  | 8 |
| 13872101559 | Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. Can range from -1 to +1. Negative correlations the variables rise and fall inversely, positive correlations variables rise and fall together. Negative does not mean weak and positive does not mean strong |  | 9 |
| 13872101560 | Deindividuation (sports crowd) | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |  | 10 |
| 13872101561 | difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time | 11 | |
| 13872101562 | distributed practice | spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods | 12 | |
| 13872101563 | divergent thinking (New solutions to problems) | a type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems |  | 13 |
| 13872101564 | Dopamine (MALR) | A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. | 14 | |
| 13872101565 | drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |  | 15 |
| 13872101566 | encoding failure | the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory | 16 | |
| 13872101567 | episodic memory | A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. |  | 17 |
| 13872101568 | ethics in research (CCDP) | informed consent protection from harm/discomfort maintain confidentiality debriefing | 18 | |
| 13872101569 | experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |  | 19 |
| 13872101570 | correlational research | research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists. Does not manipulate variables. |  | 20 |
| 13872101571 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called declarative memory) | 21 | |
| 13872101572 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. |  | 22 |
| 13872101573 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | 23 | |
| 13872101574 | GAS exhaustion phase | body runs out of adaption energy stores for adjusting to stressor, and disease resistance drops below normal; if we can stay in the stress it can have a negative effect |  | 24 |
| 13872101575 | gender roles | sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female | 25 | |
| 13872101576 | gestalt principle of proximity | we group nearby figures together |  | 26 |
| 13872101577 | implicit memory | Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously | 27 | |
| 13872101578 | incentive theory | A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli. | 28 | |
| 13872101579 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 29 | |
| 13872101580 | normative social influence (gain social approval) | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |  | 30 |
| 13872101581 | operational definition | a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Must be recordable/countable/measurable. | 31 | |
| 13872101582 | overjustification effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. |  | 32 |
| 13872101583 | positive reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |  | 33 |
| 13872101584 | postconventional moral reasoning | Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles |  | 34 |
| 13872101585 | prefrontal cortex (TPL) | processing center in the frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language |  | 35 |
| 13872101586 | proactive interference | Being unable to retrieve new information because old information gets in the way | 36 | |
| 13872101587 | procedural memory | a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits (tying shoes, eating with a fork) |  | 37 |
| 13872101588 | prospective memory | remembering to do things in the future |  | 38 |
| 13872101589 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 39 | |
| 13872101590 | random selection | A way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample | 40 | |
| 13872101591 | retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth |  | 41 |
| 13872101592 | retroactive interference | Unable to retrieve old information because of newly encoded information | 42 | |
| 13872101593 | selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |  | 43 |
| 13872101594 | self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness in a specific task. | 44 | |
| 13872101595 | self-fulfiling prophecy | a prediction or expectation about our future behavior that is likely to come true because we believe it and thus act in ways that make it come true | 45 | |
| 13872101596 | Serotonin | A neurotransmitter helps mood and appetite. Increase in it helps depression as it is a mood booster. |  | 46 |
| 13872101597 | social facilitation | improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, decreased performance on difficult or non well-learned tasks |  | 47 |
| 13872101598 | state-dependent memory | The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. | 48 | |
| 13872101599 | statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. Measured by p-value. To say something is statistically significant it must have a p value of less than .05 (p=<.05) | 49 | |
| 13872101600 | sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |  | 50 |
| 13872101601 | Yerkes-Dodson Law | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases | | 51 |
| 13872101602 | cognitive restructuring | a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs | 52 | |
| 13872101603 | kinesthetic sense | sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other |  | 53 |
| 13872101604 | basilar membrane | A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells. | 54 | |
| 13872101605 | somatosensory cortex | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |  | 55 |
| 13872101606 | motor neurons (efferent) | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands | 56 | |
| 13872101607 | Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms | 57 | |
| 13872101608 | secondary reinforcer | any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars |  | 58 |
| 13872101609 | Algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |  | 59 |
| 13872101610 | social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |  | 60 |
| 13872101611 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. | 61 | |
| 13872101612 | alarm stage of GAS | organism recognizes stress, begins to respond. Fight or flight and sympathetic nervous system engages |  | 62 |
| 13872101613 | authoritarian parenting | style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child |  | 63 |
| 13872101614 | identity vs. role confusion | Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves | 64 | |
| 13872101615 | unconditional positive regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |  | 65 |
| 13872101616 | elaborative rehearsal | the linking of new information to material that is already known | 66 | |
| 13872101617 | central route persuasion | going through rational mind, persuading using logic and evidence. | 67 | |
| 13872101618 | source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |  | 68 |
| 13872101619 | fluid intelligence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |  | 69 |
| 13872101620 | agoraphobia | fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic | 70 | |
| 13872101621 | Ethnocentrism | Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. | 71 | |
| 13872101622 | Rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond | 72 | |
| 13872101623 | Broca's area | speech production (mouth movement) |  | 73 |
| 13872101624 | gestalt principle of closure | we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object |  | 74 |
| 13872101625 | double blind research | a research study in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware of the predicted outcome | 75 | |
| 13872101626 | myelin sheath | A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. |  | 76 |
| 13872101627 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 77 | |
| 13872101628 | Endorphins | natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure | 78 | |
| 13872101629 | Introversion (introvert) | dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation |  | 79 |
| 13872101630 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment | 80 | |
| 13872101631 | cocktail party effect | ability to attend to only one voice among many |  | 81 |
| 13872101632 | Cerebellum | the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance | 82 | |
| 13872101633 | observational learning | learning by observing others | 83 | |
| 13872101634 | Human Factors | interaction with people and machines | 84 | |
| 13872101635 | reticular formation | alertness and arousal | 85 | |
| 13872101636 | predictive validity | Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait. | 86 | |
| 13872101637 | semantic memory | general knowledge | 87 | |
| 13872101638 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list | 88 | |
| 13872101639 | functional fixedness | the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use (not thinking outside the box) | 89 | |
| 13872101640 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 90 | |
| 13872101641 | Reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 91 | |
| 13872101642 | Conformity | compliance with standards, rules, or laws. | 92 | |
| 13872101643 | figure-ground (objects standing out from their surroundings) | the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |  | 93 |
| 13872101644 | occipital lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information | 94 | |
| 13872101645 | Use of Phonemes | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit /k/ for cat | 95 | |
| 13872101646 | Modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior | 96 | |
| 13872101647 | age and language acquisition | older students are less successful in acquiring a language. | 97 | |
| 13872101648 | foveal vision | sharp central vision | 98 | |
| 13872101649 | feature detectors | cells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of a stimulus | 99 | |
| 13872101650 | compliance | the tendency to agree to do things requested by others | 100 | |
| 13872101651 | crystallized intelligence | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age | 101 | |
| 13872101652 | motor cortex | controls voluntary movements | 102 | |
| 13872101653 | conditioned response | a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus | 103 | |
| 13872101654 | inattentional blindness | a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention | 104 | |
| 13872101655 | mnemonic devices | strategies for enhancing memory | 105 | |
| 13872101656 | external cues | time of day, social cues, sight and smell of food | 106 |
