Terms : Hide Images
| 13692446486 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 0 | |
| 13692446487 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 1 | |
| 13692446488 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. | 2 | |
| 13692446489 | Baron de Montesquieu | French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government. | 3 | |
| 13692446490 | Philosophes | Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time. | 4 | |
| 13692446491 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. | 5 | |
| 13692446492 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | 6 | |
| 13692446493 | Social Contract Theory | A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed | 7 | |
| 13692446494 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 8 | |
| 13692446495 | Benjamin Franklin | American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. | 9 | |
| 13692446496 | Thomas Jefferson | Wrote the Declaration of Independence | 10 | |
| 13692446497 | George Washington | 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) | 11 | |
| 13692446498 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | 12 | |
| 13692446499 | Estates System | French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else | 13 | |
| 13692446500 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women). | 14 | |
| 13692446501 | Reign of Terror | (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty" | 15 | |
| 13692446502 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 16 | |
| 13692446503 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 17 | |
| 13692446504 | Napoleonic Code | A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon | 18 | |
| 13692446505 | Waterloo | The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power | 19 | |
| 13692446506 | Haitian Revolution | A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. | 20 | |
| 13692446507 | Touissant L'Ouverture | leader of the slave revolt against the French in the Haitian Revolution | 21 | |
| 13692446508 | Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions | 22 | |
| 13692446509 | Simon Bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. | 23 | |
| 13692446510 | Caudillos | By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators. | 24 | |
| 13692446511 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 25 | |
| 13692446512 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | (1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. | 26 | |
| 13692446513 | Seneca Falls Convention | (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written | 27 | |
| 13692446514 | Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country | 28 | |
| 13692446515 | Zionism | A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. | 29 | |
| 13692446516 | Anti-Semitism | hostility to or prejudice against Jews. | 30 | |
| 13692446517 | Congress of Vienna | (1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. | 31 | |
| 13692446518 | Klemens von Metternich | This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression | 32 | |
| 13692446519 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | 33 | |
| 13692446520 | Realpolitik | Grealistic politics based on the needs of the state | 34 | |
| 13692446521 | Mechanization | In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. | 35 | |
| 13692446522 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). | 36 | |
| 13692446523 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. | 37 | |
| 13692446524 | Factory System | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building | 38 | |
| 13692446525 | Eli Whitney | Invented the cotton gin | 39 | |
| 13692446526 | Henry Ford | 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. | 40 | |
| 13692446527 | Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. | 41 | |
| 13692446528 | corporations | businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock | 42 | |
| 13692446529 | Victorian Age | Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people | 43 | |
| 13692446530 | Crystal Palace | Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. | 44 | |
| 13692446531 | demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates | 45 | |
| 13692446532 | Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. | 46 | |
| 13692446533 | middle class | A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers | 47 | |
| 13692446534 | Industrial Working Class | lower class, horrible working conditions, factory workers | 48 | |
| 13692446535 | Child Labor | Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories. | 49 | |
| 13692446536 | Laissez-faire | Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. | 50 | |
| 13692446537 | Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. | 51 | |
| 13692446538 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | 52 | |
| 13692446539 | Unions | An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. | 53 | |
| 13692446540 | Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. | 54 | |
| 13692446541 | Battle of Little Bighorn | In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died | 55 | |
| 13692446542 | Wounded Knee | In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived. | 56 | |
| 13692446543 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | 57 | |
| 13692446544 | Ghost Dance Movement | The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement. | 58 | |
| 13692446545 | Mexican-American War | (1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. | 59 | |
| 13692446546 | Abolitionist | A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States | 60 | |
| 13692446547 | American Civil War | 1861-1865: War between North (union states) and South (confederate states) over slavery and succeeding. | 61 | |
| 13692446548 | Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free | 62 | |
| 13692446549 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876) | 63 | |
| 13692446550 | Emiliano Zapata | Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated. | 64 | |
| 13692446551 | Pancho Villa | A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. | 65 | |
| 13692446552 | Railroad Time | Helped unite the union. Each community operated on its own time. 1870, Professor C.F. Dowd proposed that the Earth's surface be divided into 24 time zones, one for each hour of the day. U.S. contained 4 zones. Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific. | 66 | |
| 13692446553 | Assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another | 67 | |
| 13692446554 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 68 | |
| 13692446555 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 69 | |
| 13692446556 | Tanzimat Reforms | 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. | 70 | |
| 13692446557 | Young Turks | A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. | 71 | |
| 13692446558 | Crimean War | (1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize. | 72 | |
| 13692446559 | Extraterritoriality | Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. | 73 | |
| 13692446560 | Tsar Alexander II | He was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform ("Emancipator") but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will | 74 | |
| 13692446561 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. | 75 | |
| 13692446562 | Opium War | a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China | 76 | |
| 13692446563 | Treaty of Nanjing | 1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong. | 77 | |
| 13692446564 | Taiping Rebellion | a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan | 78 | |
| 13692446565 | Self-Strengthening Movement | late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders | 79 | |
| 13692446566 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops. | 80 | |
| 13692446567 | Empress Dowager Cixi | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. | 81 | |
| 13692446568 | Tokugawa Shogunate | was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration. | 82 | |
| 13692446569 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 83 | |
| 13692446570 | Commodore Matthew Perry | A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. | 84 | |
| 13692446571 | Imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. | 85 | |
| 13692446572 | Cecil Rhodes | Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. | 86 | |
| 13692446573 | Panama and Suez Canals | A canal that crosses the isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Built by the United States between 1904 and 1914. A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today. | 87 | |
| 13692446574 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. | 88 | |
| 13692446575 | Leopold II | Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the natives on his African land for personal gain. | 89 | |
| 13692446576 | Zulu | A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. | 90 | |
| 13692446577 | Boer War | Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa. | 91 | |
| 13692446578 | Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa | 92 | |
| 13692446579 | Settler Colony | A form of colonization where foreign family move into a region and an imperial political power oversees the immigration of these settlers. | 93 | |
| 13692446580 | Economic Imperialism | Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments. | 94 | |
| 13692446581 | Queen Liliuokalani | the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests | 95 | |
| 13692446582 | Spanish-American War | In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence | 96 | |
| 13692446583 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. | 97 | |
| 13692446584 | Indentured Labor | labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities | 98 | |
| 13692446585 | Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. | 99 | |
| 13692446586 | British Raj | The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947. | 100 | |
| 13692446587 | Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. | 101 | |
| 13692446588 | Ram Mohan Roy | Father of modern India; he called for the construction of a society based on both modern Euorpean science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hindusim. | 102 | |
| 13692446589 | Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. | 103 |
