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| 8745894357 | Paleolithic societies in the 15th century | pre-agricultural, rejected or had not experienced agriculture | 0 | |
| 8746009540 | firestick farming | burning undergrowth, killed some populations and allowed other to grow | 1 | |
| 8746017460 | affluent hunters/ gatherers | wealthy, semi-nomadic, stored food, chiefs, noble families | 2 | |
| 8746025682 | Chinook Indians | "flatheads", head binding of children, salmon was the basic way of life | 3 | |
| 8746044040 | agricultural village societies in the 15th century | lack of cities or states, based on kinship, smaller organization, settled, patrilineal and matrilineal | 4 | |
| 8746074703 | Igbo culture | Niger River, W. Africa, famous for no kings, no states, Republican, lavish titles, Ichi-scarring for ID, mostly male title holders, shamans hereditary, famous for bronze sculptures (lost wax), mathematics, betting- Okwe | 5 | |
| 8746150397 | Chinua Achebe | born near Niger River, wrote Things Fall Apart | 6 | |
| 8746161526 | Things Fall Apart | most commonly read, set in 19th century w/ British colonizers, Ibo vs. Europeans | 7 | |
| 8746174375 | Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Culture | name given by Europeans, live in longhouses, NY state, Confederacy of 5 Nations, confederation governed by 50 kinship clans, no hierarchy, matilineal, warred until Deganawida and Hiawatha | 8 | |
| 8746204811 | Deganawida | more important, peacemaker, considered prophet | 9 | |
| 8746204843 | Hiawatha | born into tribe, Onondaga or Mohawk, S. tribes on belt | 10 | |
| 8746245580 | Pastoral societies in the 15th century | Timur, Timurid Empire, Fulbe Culture | 11 | |
| 8746251645 | Timur (Tamerlane) | Turkic mongol, in-law of Genghis Khan, reestablished part of Mongol Emp., more violent than Genghis | 12 | |
| 8746263379 | Timurid Empire | Samarkand on silk road was capital, shrunk after death, survived a century | 13 | |
| 8746274099 | Fulbe Culture | African pastoralists that herded cattle, migrated into heart of Africa, rose in W. tip, adopted Islam in process, violent relationship with farmers, rented land from them, 2nd class status in African society, early converts of Islam, no indigenous religions | 14 | |
| 8746368730 | The Ming Dynasty in China | saw themselves as restoring China, not doing new things, revolts and uprising produced 1st Ming Emperor, return to gender relations | 15 | |
| 8746381192 | The Ming Restoration of Chinese culture (looking backward) | most famous for porcelain today | 16 | |
| 8746396651 | Reconstitution of the Great Wall system | to keep out Mongols | 17 | |
| 8746390925 | Reconstitution of Confucianism (and Daoism) | reinstituted exam system, schools, academies and colleges for men only | 18 | |
| 8746410565 | Emperor Hongwu | 1st Ming emperor, overthrew Mongols, peasant background | 19 | |
| 8746414527 | Ming | "brilliant", chose name for dynasty | 20 | |
| 8746418629 | mandarins | travelling gov. workers, eyes and ears for admin. to make sure policies are implemented | 21 | |
| 8746423083 | eunuchs | rivals of scholar bureaucrats, private servants, served in emp. name, gave news because of detachment, no children or marriage | 22 | |
| 8746439195 | Emperor Yongle (Zhu Di) | resurrects power of eunuchs, orders great treasure ships, Naval expeditions led by 7 foot tall Chinese admiral, Indian Ocean Basin | 23 | |
| 8746457125 | Zheng He (Ma He) | died at sea, friend of Yongle, Muslim and Persian, fell when Mongols fell, was a captive, told Yongle about exploration because of Persian lineage, cancelled explorations after death, 7 voyages, increased tributary system, expanded trade accepted silver, exotic treasures like giraffes and zebras | 24 | |
| 8746491146 | Beijing | capital of Ming, in N. | 25 | |
| 8746497322 | The Forbidden City | series of gates of bricks and stone, wooden housed emperor | 26 | |
| 8746501699 | Matteo Ricci | Italian Jesuit, dressed like a Chinese bureaucrat | 27 | |
| 8746518219 | Hundred Years' War | England vs. France over territory in NW France | 28 | |
| 8746532148 | Renaissance | cultural restoration looking back, "restoration", learning restored, Genoa, Venice, Florence, preserved through trade with Islamic Middle E | 29 | |
| 8746546558 | Ad fontes | "back (return) to the sources", Biblical scholars emphasize Greek and Hebrew | 30 | |
| 8746552617 | humanism | humans at center of universe, not abt religion, art shows realistic humans, ex: Mona Lisa | 31 | |
| 8746566711 | Leonardo da Vinci | Mona Lisa, sketch of body, fetus, Savior of the World, humanism in N. Italy | 32 | |
| 8746572943 | Michelangelo Buonarroti | sculptures, religious, David, Sistine Chapel, painted salvation history, Pieta | 33 | |
| 8746585396 | Raphael | School of Athens- quintessential work of Ren. humanism, fig from each period of Greece | 34 | |
| 8746592078 | Niccolo Machiavelli | The Prince, ways to gain and keep power, ingratiate, Florence politician in/out of power, no rel., shocking realistic, end justifies the means, no reference to morality, feared and loved | 35 | |
| 8746617147 | Christine de Pizan | Venetian, adult in Paris, father was official to France king, 1st professional, > 40 books, self educated | 36 | |
| 8746633381 | The Book of the City of the Ladies, The Treasure of the City of the Ladies | humanist work, argued for women, Genesis | 37 | |
| 8746648029 | Bartolome de las Casas | Bishop who defended indigenous, "Defender of Indians", wanted converts, Dominican | 38 | |
| 8746662506 | Portuguese strategy of 15th century maritime trade | W. African Coast, sailed S. to E., 1415-1488 | 39 | |
| 8746671652 | Bartolomeu Dias | around S. tip of Africa, 1488 sailed into Indian Ocean | 40 | |
| 8746675160 | Vasco da Gama | 4 ships, leading admin, trade gov., viceroy of India by Portugal | 41 | |
| 8746684296 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | 13 ships, followed da Gama, brings Portuguese culture to Brazil, SW to Brazil, then around tip | 42 | |
| 8746695018 | Spanish strategy of 15th century maritime trade | sailed W. to E., reached far E. | 43 | |
| 8746696682 | Christopher Columbus | from Genoa, sailed for Spain, 4 ships, viceroy of Americas by Spain, lack of nation state, became one, jewels given by Isabell | 44 | |
| 8746707738 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese, sailed for Spain, 5 ships, 1 returned, he didn't, died in Philippines, Straits of Magellan, circumnavigates globe | 45 | |
| 8746720485 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Portugal and Spain, Spain had ext. | 46 | |
| 8746726919 | Treaty of Zaragoza (Saragossa) | lands of E divided, Portugal lost Monopoly, land in between | 47 | |
| 8746732739 | John Cabot | came to N. America since vikings, Italian, no colony, not overseas | 48 | |
| 8746749470 | Second Flowering of Islam | Ottoman, Safavid, Songhay, Mughal Empires | 49 | |
| 8746754910 | Ottoman Empire | Turkey now, named for Osman, ended in 1920's | 50 | |
| 8746761459 | Osman I | Turkish prince controlling Beylik (fiefdom), Bursa to Constantinople, expanded Sogut | 51 | |
| 8746774254 | Sheikh Edebali | influenced Osman I, daughter married Osman I | 52 | |
| 8746778897 | Osman's Drem | Nile, Danube, T/Euphrates Rivers were boundaries after Osman? | 53 | |
| 8746786551 | Osman's Sword | relic, ceremony to install all Ottoman emperors, golden in golden sheath | 54 | |
| 8746793390 | Janissary Corps (Murad I) | military foot soldiers made of enslaved Chr. boys, absolute loyalty, lived well, fearsome, couldn't marry or have children, volunteers eventually | 55 | |
| 8746800757 | Capture of Constantinople | changed warfare defense, took > 50 days to break walls, gate into Europe, Sp. closed W., Istanbul now, Hagia Sophia now a mosque, 1 day looting permitted, super guns, 2 sides cliffs, others walls | 56 | |
| 8746818411 | Mehmed II | Caesar title, married into Byzantines, 21 y/o when he captured Constant., ordered 80-200,000 | 57 | |
| 8746833504 | Constantine XI | last of Byzantines, 50,000 in city | 58 | |
| 8746837878 | Orban | expert in forging cannons, offered to Constantinople but they couldn't afford, Ottomans used him | 59 | |
| 8746844028 | The Safavid Empire | in Iran, Islamic, made population worship Shiite, now largest | 60 | |
| 8746849814 | Shia Islam | forced on people, rel. infallibility, Ali, larger worldly, many emperors died violently | 61 | |
| 8746855924 | Twelver School of Shia | 12th caliph, Shiite believer in return of Mahdi | 62 | |
| 8746858707 | Muhammad al-Madhi | 12th caliph, into hiding, return at final judgment with Jesus | 63 | |
| 8746864743 | Occultation | going into hiding, spoke through reps, major hiding, taken by God | 64 | |
| 8746870539 | The Mahdi | messianic belief, come again around world, preserved in Iran | 65 | |
| 8746874687 | The Songhay Empire | Niger river runs through, rich with gold, taxed Sahara, salt, cotton, Mali replaced Mali, Gao was capital, Timbuktu most famous, N-S, desert, grasslands, steppes | 66 | |
| 8746893522 | Sonni Ali | practiced Islam and traditional African religion, fluent in both, in name only- "nominally Muslim" | 67 | |
| 8746905664 | Timbuktu | Muslim center of learning, universities, clay mosque, exotic, rich, unapproachable | 68 | |
| 8746914133 | Asia Muhammad I | greatest Songhay king, destroyed Ali's line, not Muslim enough, criticized, emphasized Timbuktu for Islamic learning | 69 | |
| 8746921127 | Leo Africanus | born Spanish Muslim, Moor, educated, in prison, value recognized, born after Reconquest, captured by pirates, went thru Muslim African world | 70 | |
| 8746934528 | Description of Africa | 1st time Eurasia read abt African kingdom of Songhay and Timbuktu, publicized wealth | 71 | |
| 8746944390 | Mughal Empire | Persian world for Mongol, Islamic in India, Pakistan/ Bangladesh 1947, Taj Mahal, blended Hinduism, Mughal never dominant, Islam functioned well when not dominant | 72 | |
| 8746953243 | Babur | founder of Mughals, diverse ancestry with direct line to Turks and Tamerlane, Persian | 73 | |
| 8746968467 | Malacca | strait, city was a trade center, contact with SE Asia, Indonesia becomes Islam | 74 | |
| 8746985311 | Parameswara (Iskandar Shah) | founder and bringer of Islam, last in Singapore, small king of Islamic region, mostly Sunni | 75 | |
| 8747001586 | The Aztec Empire | expanded by pushing the ocean back, sacrifice building in center, largest Mesoamerican empire, claimed land, loose collection of states and rule over conquered, confederation, tax and tribute per year, human sacrifice of conquered slaves | 76 | |
| 8747016156 | Mexica | origin, floating city, canals bridges, Mexico name, NM central, small alliance, conquest, largest Central American before English | 77 | |
| 8747031359 | Lake Texcoco | migration to here, capital city | 78 | |
| 8747034995 | Tenochtitlan | ME City now, twin w/ Tlatelolco | 79 | |
| 8747050881 | Aztec Triple Alliance | Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tlacopan, W., E., on water | 80 | |
| 8747056835 | Tlatelolco | sister w/ Tenochtitlan, trade center, city a marketplace | 81 | |
| 8747075946 | Pochteca | rich trade agents who were licensed merchant spies | 82 | |
| 8747080773 | Huitzilopochtli | 4 time god of sun, war, human sacrifice, and Tenochtitlan, nourished by sacrifice | 83 | |
| 8747087410 | Aztec human sacrifice | gods were exhausted in creation so human lifeblood is their essence | 84 | |
| 8747097794 | Tlacaelel | "mythical", real, priest who dies before Spanish come, brought Triple Alliance together, never emperor, from royal family, standardized/ brought human sacrifice, publicized by Spanish | 85 | |
| 8747139841 | Nezahualcoyotl | dies before Spanish, "coyote who fasts", local king of Texcoco, dark poetry, humans feed gods, life is fragile, nothing endures, like Gilgamesh, attachment and desire, poetry could go w/ Buddh, violent and brutal, he executed his children for being w/ concubines | 86 | |
| 8747165068 | Incan Empire | Cutzco capital, before: Chavin, Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, roads pre-estabilshed, largest pre-Colombian in W. hemisphere | 87 | |
| 8747171451 | Pachacuti | Incan kings who expanded Incas, 1st Coya?, 9th king, 1st emperor and founder | 88 | |
| 8747182713 | Incan hierarchical units | firmer than Aztec, 80 provinces with a governor, assimilation, inspectors, divided for accounting and taxes, 10-10,000 ppl/unit | 89 | |
| 8747199128 | quipus | accounting and communication w/ language | 90 | |
| 8747204919 | mitma | "newcomer", resettlement of citizens in conquered areas and estates rewarded, empire permeated with Incas | 91 | |
| 8747214066 | quechua | Incan language, 2nd largest in Peru, not written until Spanish come- understand and records | 92 | |
| 8747220645 | Cuzco | capital, Machu Picchu discovered by H. Bingham in Andes, city in sky, built by Pachacuti as private estate, 18,000 ft above sea level | 93 | |
| 8747239366 | mita | public service ("take one's turn", or "season") done by citizens and conquered, each year would build roads and bridges, military, farm, fish, crafts | 94 | |
| 8747255974 | Viracocha | Pagan, polytheistic, sacrifice, god of creation | 95 | |
| 8747261836 | Inti | fire and sun god | 96 | |
| 8747264161 | Pachamama | fertility goddess, mountains, harvest, Chr. Spanish ID her as Mary | 97 | |
| 8747268715 | Gender parallelism | BOTH cultures, equivalent spheres for men and womene, female have social respect, function parallel | 98 | |
| 8747276029 | Sapay/ Sapa Inca | title of Incan king, ruled jointly | 99 | |
| 8747278907 | Coya/ Qoya | title of Incan queen, ruled jointly | 100 |
