From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
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| 14984490826 | Hunting and Gathering | way of life for all humans before farming; normally typical of tribal social organization |  | 0 |
| 14984490827 | Neolithic | The "New Stone Age" between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which plants and animals are domesticated; sedentary agriculture begins |  | 1 |
| 14984490828 | Nomads | people who move from place to place seasonally following food, typically Cattle- and sheep-herding societies |  | 2 |
| 14984490829 | Culture | includes religion, writing, architecture, technology, food, clothing, language, etc. |  | 3 |
| 14984490830 | Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolution | Occurred in different areas around the globe between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture |  | 4 |
| 14984490831 | Pastoralism | A nomadic lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging farming societies |  | 5 |
| 14984490832 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the first civilization that arose in the Middle East in the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley |  | 6 |
| 14984490833 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states |  | 7 |
| 14984490834 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets |  | 8 |
| 14984490835 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian religion; also, an example of monumental architecture from the ancient Middle East |  | 9 |
| 14984490836 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; most famous leader was Hammurabi |  | 10 |
| 14984490837 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for one of the earliest written law codes |  | 11 |
| 14984490838 | Pharaoh | The term used to describe the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. |  | 12 |
| 14984490839 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs |  | 13 |
| 14984490840 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform |  | 14 |
| 14984490841 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization |  | 15 |
| 14984490842 | Harappa | early civilization of the Indian sub-continent, known for advanced city planning |  | 16 |
| 14984490843 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty |  | 17 |
| 14984490844 | Paleolithic | (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans, in which stone tools were used, before domestication of plants and animals.. |  | 18 |
| 14984490845 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 19 | |
| 14984490846 | Egalitarian | equality between social classes and genders | 20 | |
| 14984490847 | Pastoralists were often the developers and of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations | new weapons modes of transportation | 21 | |
| 14984490849 | Polytheism | Belief in more than one god | 22 | |
| 14984490850 | Nile River | Principal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process | 23 | |
| 14984490851 | specialization of labor | people in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food | 24 | |
| 14984490852 | patriarchy | the idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families | 25 | |
| 14984490853 | Epic of Gilgamesh | epic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization | 26 | |
| 14984490854 | Egypt | a founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa | 27 | |
| 14984490855 | Caste System | Religiously based caste system of India: Brahmin, Khsatriya, Vaishya, Shudra--people could not move out of the class they were born into | 28 | |
| 14984490856 | Hinduism | Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic religion brought to India by the Aryans combined with local Dravidian beliefs. | 29 | |
| 14984490857 | Judaism | Monotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam. | 30 | |
| 14984490858 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by divine sources. | 31 | |
| 14984490859 | Oracle bones | bones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class | 32 | |
| 14984490860 | Olmec | the first major civilization in Mexico | 33 | |
| 14984490861 | irrigation systems | method of redirecting rainfall or other water sources to new areas in order to grow crops | 34 |
