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| 8527736648 | Sultan Abd al-Hamid II | Ottoman sultan, 1876-1909, who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign. |  | 0 |
| 8527736649 | Balance of Trade | Difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports. |  | 1 |
| 8527736650 | Boxer Uprising | Rising of Chinese militia organizations from 1898 to 1901 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. |  | 2 |
| 8527736651 | Chinese Revolution of 1911 | The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. |  | 3 |
| 8527736652 | daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration. |  | 4 |
| 8527736653 | Extraterritoriality | Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. |  | 5 |
| 8527736654 | Hong Xiuquan | Chinese religious leader, 1814-1867, who sparked the taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth. |  | 6 |
| 8527736655 | Informal empire | Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence (Latin America & China). |  | 7 |
| 8527736656 | Lin Xexu, Commissioner | 1785-1850, Royal official charged with ending the opium trade in Canton, his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars. |  | 8 |
| 8527736657 | Meiji Restoration | The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor of Meiji and establishing a new government committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society. |  | 9 |
| 8527736658 | Mercantilism | Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver. |  | 10 |
| 8527736659 | Perry, Matthew | U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world. |  | 11 |
| 8527736660 | Opium Wars | Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. |  | 12 |
| 8527736661 | Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 | Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. |  | 13 |
| 8527736662 | Samurai | Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration. |  | 14 |
| 8527736663 | Self-strengthening movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s, and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. |  | 15 |
| 8527736664 | Selim III | Ottoman sultan, 1789-1807, who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures. |  | 16 |
| 8527736665 | "Sick man of Europe" | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultan's' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious efforts in Ottoman state during this period. |  | 17 |
| 8527736666 | Spheres of Influence | Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. |  | 18 |
| 8527736667 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. |  | 19 |
| 8527736668 | Tanzimat reforms | Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization". |  | 20 |
| 8527736669 | Trade Deficit | Situation in which a country imports more than it exports. |  | 21 |
| 8527736670 | Treaty of Nanking | 1842 treaty that ended the Opium War, extended the old Canton trading port rights of foreigners to four more Chinese ports. British citizens granted extraterritoriality, Hong Kong became a British colony. |  | 22 |
| 8527736671 | Tokugawa Japan | Peaceful Japan as governed by a shogun from the Tokugawa family from 1600 to 1868. |  | 23 |
| 8527736672 | Unequal treaties | Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. |  | 24 |
| 8527736673 | Young Ottomans | Group of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire. |  | 25 |
| 8527736674 | Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire. |  | 26 |
| 8527736675 | Open Door Policy | U.S. Secretary of State John Hay asked foreign powers to agree to equal trading rights in China. |  | 27 |
| 8527736676 | Sun Yat-sen | China's first republic leader in 1911, wrote The Three People's Principles: democracy, nationalism and livelihood. |  | 28 |
| 8527736677 | Emperor Mutsuhito | Japanese Emperor, interested in abolishing feudalism and reorganizing Japan into prefectures, districts administered by the central government rather than provinces ruled by daimyos, nobles how had supported the shogun. |  | 29 |
