A set for Unit 3: Land-Based Empires and Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections
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| 15292477675 | Martin Luther | German monk who started the Protestant Reformation | 0 | |
| 15292477676 | How did Martin Luther first ignite the Protestant Reformation? | Writing the 95 thesis, which spread all over Europe due to the printing press | 1 | |
| 15292477677 | What were the movement and followers called? | The movement was Lutheranism, w/ the protesters called Protestants | 2 | |
| 15292477678 | What form of church corruption was Luther protesting? | Indulgences | 3 | |
| 15292477679 | Preferential pardons for charitable donors; Martin Luther protested this act | Indulgences | 4 | |
| 15292477680 | Written by Martin Luther to express complaints with the Roman Catholic Church | Ninety-Five Theses | 5 | |
| 15292477681 | Effects of 95 Theses | Luther was excommunicated; Protestant Reformation grew in popularity due to the printing press | 6 | |
| 15292477682 | the Church's political power, wealth, and power manifests to greed and corruption Faced criticism for a more personal involvement w/ Christ | Major causes of the reform | 7 | |
| 15292477683 | Luther's effect throughout Europe | Monasteries closed, Bible was translated vernacular, pope wasn't the religious leader--bible was Other parts of Europe went through their own reforms | 8 | |
| 15292477684 | Why did King Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church? | Wanted to divorce wife since she couldn't produce a male heir, but the church said no. So Henry formed his own church to divorce her--the Church of England | 9 | |
| 15292477685 | John Calvin | French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers (Huguenots) with his teachings. | 10 | |
| 15292477686 | How did John Calvin bring reform to France? | Codifies Protestant teachings & forms a religious community based off of Calvinism | 11 | |
| 15292477687 | Redefines doctrine, missionaries to Protestants, and attempt to renew spiritual activity | Attempts to counter-attack the Protestant Reformation | 12 | |
| 15292477688 | Council of Trent (1545-1563) | Periodic meetings to discuss reform | 13 | |
| 15292477706 | Created in 1493 by Alexander VI to settle the dispute b/w Spain and Portugal over who had more land | Line of Demarcation | 14 | |
| 15292477726 | How did Europe influence Russia? | Kievan Rus modeled their government after Constantinople Traded furs, caviar, and honey with them Vikings influence Later on, they looked to them for technology | 15 | |
| 15292477696 | How did the Colombian Exchange affect European life? | The population increased due to improved nutrition from new foods, such as potatoes. The new variety in diet led to better nutrition, which led to increased immunity to diseases. | 16 | |
| 15292477723 | What were the effects of the slave trade on Africa? | Gender distributions became unbalanced, increased conflict between tribes, slower society development, and population growth | 17 | |
| 15292477727 | Ivan III/Ivan the Great | Overthrew Mongols by refusing to pay tribute Rebuilt Kremlin & made Moscow the center of trade Also controlled boyars by forcing them and their families to live in Moscow | 18 | |
| 15292477714 | First colony and settlement in America | Virginia; Jamestown | 19 | |
| 15292477733 | The idea that Russia should base its development on its own history | Slavophilism | 20 | |
| 15292477708 | Acted as administration and representatives of the Spanish crown | Viceroys | 21 | |
| 15292477724 | What led to the end of the Atlantic Slave Trade? | Enlightenment philosophers began to drive to abolition and slave revolts were becoming common | 22 | |
| 15292477692 | French mathematician and physicist who translated Newton's Principal Matematica; made progression with women and science | Émilie du Chatelet | 23 | |
| 15292477701 | Invention that allowed sailors to survive storms and developed by Portugal | Caravel | 24 | |
| 15292477743 | The highest position of the devshirme system; provided a path of upward mobility, but we're still called slaves of the state. | Janissaries | 25 | |
| 15292477731 | How did Catherine the Great become tsar? How was she different from previous tsars? | Shen became tsar after Peter III, her husband, died. Unlike other tsars, she was German born. | 26 | |
| 15292477695 | Assumption that Enlightened thought would ultimately lead to harmony b/w humans and material wealth | Theory of Progress | 27 | |
| 15292477735 | Direct Mongolian descendants who at odds with the government. This man initiated a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774. | Cossacks & Yemelyan Pugachev | 28 | |
| 15292477738 | Tamerlane | Mongol leader who conquered parts of Central Asia and set the stage for the Islamic Gunpowder Empires | 29 | |
| 15292477710 | People of Spanish & Indigenous decent | Creoles | 30 | |
| 15292477728 | Ivan VI/Ivan the Terrible | Controlled the Kazan Astrakhan and Siberian khanates Built St. Basil's Cathedral | 31 | |
| 15292477741 | Place where business deals were signed in the Ottoman Empire | Coffeehouses | 32 | |
| 15292477702 | Silver's impact on Spain | Brought wealth to Spain; traded with China for other goods | 33 | |
| 15292477715 | the London Company & their effect on Jamestown | Joint-stock company that owned Jamestown. Was unanle to make a profit and offered free voyage to America, later becoming wealthy from tobacco. | 34 | |
| 15292477747 | Shah Abbas I | Ruled empire at its height; conquered the Strait of Hormuz in 1622, ignighting British interest in Iran | 35 | |
| 15292477690 | What was the belief of the universe before Copernicus' theory? | Most people believed that earth was the center of the universe | 36 | |
| 15292477750 | What caused the decline of the Gunpowder Empires? | Pressure from European trading companies Weak or corrupt leadership & expensive armies Deep religious divisions between Islam and Hinduism, and Sunnis and Shias in Mughal India | 37 | |
| 15292477732 | How did Catherine's attempts at trying to help peasants backfire? | Revolts began to erupt when peasants were gaining freedom, causing Catherine to allow landowners to exert more control. | 38 | |
| 15292477709 | Est./appointed to keep the viceroys in check | Audiencias/royal courts | 39 | |
| 15292477742 | Christian boys aged 8-20 were kidnapped and forced to work for the government | Devshirme | 40 | |
| 15292477739 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. Created the devshirme system. | 41 | |
| 15292477749 | Paid government officials in Mughal India | Zamindars | 42 | |
| 15292477707 | Line of Demarcation was moved in 1494 to give Portugal more land | Treaty of Tordesillas | 43 | |
| 15292477720 | Why did Europe choose Africa as a source of slaves? | Europeans originally chose Indigienous peoples, but exposure to diseases led to over 50% of the people dying. Those who survived would easily flee, knowing the geography and having protection. | 44 | |
| 15292477704 | How did the Aztec collapse? | 1521: Fell to Hernan Cortez; was made easier since Tribute states fought on his side and disease weak earned the natives | 45 | |
| 15292477721 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Poor conditions caused the deaths of many before arrival. | 46 | |
| 15292477711 | What occurred as an indirect effect when Catholism spread? | Various African religious traditions and parts of culture were "blended" together. | 47 | |
| 15292477717 | Who was Sunni Ali and how did he establish the Songhay Empire? | Sunni Ali established and became the ruler of the Songhai empire. He created the empire by conquering the surrounding areas of the Niger River, including Timbuktu | 48 | |
| 15292477734 | Russian serfdom | Peasants were the backbone of the economy, so they were heavily taxed. Unable to pay them off, they would be forced to work on land to pay off debt. (Similar to sharecroppers in America) | 49 | |
| 15292477730 | How did Peter the Great become tsar of Russia & how was he influenced by Europe. | Peter I became tsar after defeating his sister Sophia for the title. When reforming Russia, he mimicked Europe in everything possible (military, naval technology, provinces, etc.) | 50 | |
| 15292477697 | Early market economy in Europe | Consisted of private parties that offered goods and services, and wasn't government controlled. Banks, stock exchanges, and joint stocks developed. People in capitalism were heavily involved w/ empire building | 51 | |
| 15292477745 | People being forced into service in the navy or other places | Impressed | 52 | |
| 15292477740 | Suleiman I | Ruler of the Ottoman Empire during its peak; constructed many buildings, such as the Suleiman Mosque. Known as the Lawgiver since he reformed the empire's legal system | 53 | |
| 15292477744 | Strong advisors having greater influence than the sultan | Viziers | 54 | |
| 15292477722 | Religious syncretism | blending the features of two or more religions | 55 | |
| 15292477700 | Why did Europe explore? | Wealth (Gold), Christian duty (God), and fame and power (Glory) | 56 | |
| 15292477718 | Why did Africa trade slaves with Europe? | Africans would be able to trade for guns and ammunition, placing them at an advantage and making it easier to conquer other city-states | 57 | |
| 15292477699 | Market economy negatives | Rich stayed wealthy, poor stayed poor; led to an increase in crime | 58 | |
| 15292477713 | Why did France have better relations w/ Native Americans than the English? | France never forced Natives into oppression by conquering land since they never conquered land, instead trading for furs | 59 | |
| 15292477736 | How were France and Russia similar in 1750? | Neither had a legislative body Both wanted to expand territory at financial costs Russia didn't focus on Enlightemnent like France. | 60 | |
| 15292477689 | Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola; required a rigorous religious and secular education. Had effective missionaries | 61 | |
| 15292477698 | New economic classes emerged, feudal classes disappeared. Rural populations decreased due to more opportunity in the city. More women left due to smaller body build and being payed less. | The market economy's effect on rural life and social order | 62 | |
| 15292477705 | How did the Inca collapse? | 1532: Conquered by Francisco Pizzarro; replicated techniques from Cortez w/ the Aztec | 63 | |
| 15292477725 | What effect did the Mongols have on Russia | Russia couldn't decipher as to whether they were Asian or European; never experienced the Renaissance | 64 | |
| 15292477703 | Sugarcane's impact on Portugal | Brought wealth to Portugal. Since almost 10% of the slave labor would die every year, continuous replenishment eventually led to the transatlantic trade | 65 | |
| 15292477746 | Ismail | Safavid warrior who conquered most of Persia at 14 or 15, proclaimed shah in 1501. Caused religious division between Sunnis and Shias, exposing their fighting between the Ottomans | 66 | |
| 15292477729 | How did the Romanovs enter into power? | Because Russia was without an heir for 10 years after Ivan IV's death, the Zemseky Sobor chose Michael Romanov as tsar. They would stay in power for 300 years through the Romanov Dynasty. | 67 | |
| 15292477737 | How were the warrior leaders of each of the Gunpowder Empires similar? | All from nomadic Turkic backgrounds Spike formed of Turkic Took advantage of power vacuums left by the break up of the Mongol Khanates Relied on armies with artillery and cannons | 68 | |
| 15292477712 | Fur's impact on France | Led to wealth for France, caused them to never attempt to conquer more land | 69 | |
| 15292477716 | A labor system that contracted people to work for a number of years in exchange for passage to America and freedom; led to slavery | Indentured servitude | 70 | |
| 15292477691 | Scientific fact that the sun was at the center of the universe, not the earth | The Copernican Universe | 71 | |
| 15292477748 | Akbar (ruled 1556-1605) | Most capable ruler of Mughal India Gave people the right to appeal to him, zamindars were given grants of land instead of slaves, and religiously tolerant; exempted all Hindus from all taxes paid by non-Muslims. | 72 | |
| 15292477694 | Influential philosophers of Enlightenment | John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Volitare, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes | 73 | |
| 15292477719 | How did Europe's arrival in Africa lead to the downfall of many African city-states | Europeans would take over trade and the economy would become European-dependent, causing various city-states to become slow on developing complex economies. | 74 | |
| 15292477693 | The philosophy of Aristotle, especially an emphasis upon formal deductive logic | Astrolelian Philosophy | 75 | |
| 15300158990 | Peace of Augsburg (1555) | Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects. | 76 | |
| 15300158991 | Edict of Nantes (1598) | The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France. An attempt to bring peace | 77 | |
| 15300158992 | Thirty Years War | Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | 78 | |
| 15300158993 | Puritan Revolution | A reference to the English civil war (1642-1646), waged to determine whether sovereignty would reside in the monarch or in Parliament. | 79 | |
| 15303158738 | Peace of Utrecht (1713) | The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain, and conferring control of Gibraltar on England. | 80 | |
| 15303292710 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. | 81 | |
| 15303292711 | The Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. | 82 | |
| 15303292712 | Adam Smith | Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. | 83 | |
| 15303292713 | Commercial Revolution | A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price. | 84 | |
| 15303292714 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | 85 | |
| 15303850328 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 86 | |
| 15303850329 | Zheng He | Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia | 87 | |
| 15303850330 | How did the arrival of Portuguese traders impact China? | Traders came to China after being able to win the African and Indian trade coasts. The traders wanted to establish a monopoly over the spice trade in the area. As Roman Catholic missionaries arrived to gain converts, they didn't impact much of China since they were considered barbaric. | 88 | |
| 15303850331 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture, | 89 | |
| 15303850332 | Emperor Kangxi | emperor of Qing dynasty, -open to Jesuits, okay with Christianity because he sees the harmony between Christianity and Confucianism, (God father of QianLong) | 90 | |
| 15303850333 | Emperor Qianlong | emperor who refused to open more trading ports to Europe. He was known for his military skills, love of scholarship, and tolerance. | 91 | |
| 15303850334 | Proto-Industrial | a society where the vast majority of people still work on farms, with a smaller focus on industry | 92 | |
| 15303850335 | Japanese daimyos | Oda Nobunaga- took over Kyoto in 1568 and extended his power by telling lands around Kyoto to submit Toyotomi Hideyoshi- expanded Japan until the modern day land Tokugawa Ieyasu- power shifted to him after Hideyoshi and the power was now in Edo (Tokyo) | 93 | |
| 15303850336 | Tokugawa government | Centralized control in Japan; state divided into 250 Hans (territories) each controlled by a daimyo; daimyo family had to stay in Tokyo as hostages | 94 | |
| 15303850337 | How did contact with the European explorers in the 1500's affect Japan? | Initially welcomed and Christian missionaries were tolerated but new converts to Christianity weren't tolerant of their old religions and responsible for destroying some Buddhist shrines. 1630s nearly all foreigners were expelled, foreign books prohibited, Japanese couldn't travel abroad, ban on construction of large ships | 95 | |
| 15303850338 | Hermit Kingdom (Korea) | Devastated by Japanese and Manchu invasions Korea decided to isolate themselves from the rest of the world except for China and some of Japan | 96 |
