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| 13989230681 | Nicholas Copernicus | Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" and proclaimed that the sun was at the middle of the universe | 0 | |
| 13989241172 | Johannes Kepler | proclaimed that planets follow elliptical orbits, not perfect circles | 1 | |
| 13989249278 | Galileo | improved the telescope and was sentenced to house arrest for contradicting the church | 2 | |
| 13989260959 | Newton | discovered the modern laws of motion and mechanics | 3 | |
| 13989267320 | Giordano Bruno | burned at the stake for proclaiming an infinite universe and many worlds | 4 | |
| 13989275271 | Adam Smith | economic laws | 5 | |
| 13989283290 | John Locke | wrote principles for constructing a constitutional government as a contract between rules and the ruled | 6 | |
| 13989295471 | Voltaire | perceived God as a clockmaker who set the world in motion, not as a personal and involved God | 7 | |
| 13989307414 | Charles Darwin | theories of evolution and extinction of humans and other animals through natural selection | 8 | |
| 13989316407 | Karl Marx | wrote theory that problems arose because of conflicting social classes | 9 | |
| 13989326156 | Sigmund Freud | believed that science applied to the human mind and emotions | 10 | |
| 13989330469 | Marquis de Condorcet | called for the destruction of gender prejudices in science | 11 |
