From Gene to Protein
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| 12753792991 | Transcription | -synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus |  | 0 |
| 12753792992 | Messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell | 1 | |
| 12753792993 | Translation | -synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm |  | 2 |
| 12753792994 | Ribosomes | -sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains | 3 | |
| 12753792995 | Triplet Code | genetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words | 4 | |
| 12753792996 | Template Strand | DNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript | 5 | |
| 12753792997 | Codons | mRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction | 6 | |
| 12753792998 | RNA Polymerase | -pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed |  | 7 |
| 12753792999 | Promoter | DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription | 8 | |
| 12753793000 | Terminator | sequence that signals end of transcription in bacteria | 9 | |
| 12753793001 | Transcription Unit | stretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule | 10 | |
| 12753793002 | Transcription Factors | proteins that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription | 11 | |
| 12753793003 | TATA Box | crucial promoter DNA sequence |  | 12 |
| 12753793004 | RNA Processing | enzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA in specific ways before genetic messages dispatched to cytoplasm | 13 | |
| 12753793005 | 5' Cap | modified form of guanine added onto 5' end after transcription 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm | 14 | |
| 12753793006 | poly-A Tail | -50-250 more A nucleotides added to 3' end by enzyme 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm | 15 | |
| 12753793007 | RNA splicing | removal of large portions of RNA molecule with spliceosomes |  | 16 |
| 12753793008 | Introns | noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions | 17 | |
| 12753793009 | Exons | nucleotide regions that are expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences | 18 | |
| 12753793010 | Spliceosome | interacts w/ certain sites along introns, releasing intron and joining together 2 exons that flanked intron |  | 19 |
| 12753793011 | Alternative RNA Splicing | many genes can give rise to 2+ polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing -# different protein products > # genes | 20 | |
| 12753793012 | Transfer RNA (tRNA) | transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome | 21 | |
| 12753793013 | Anticodon | nucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA | 22 | |
| 12753793014 | Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases | -able to bind to different tRNAs that code for specific amino acid -catalyzes covalent attachment to tRNA -> aminoacyl tRNA released from enzyme -available to deliver AA to growing polypeptide chain of ribosome | 23 | |
| 12753793015 | Wobble | flexible base pairing at codon position | 24 | |
| 12753793016 | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits | 25 | |
| 12753793017 | P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site) | holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain | 26 | |
| 12753793018 | A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site) | holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain | 27 | |
| 12753793019 | E Site (exit site) | where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome | 28 | |
| 12753793020 | Release Factor | protein that binds to stop codon @ A site | 29 | |
| 12753793021 | rRNA | makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis | 30 | |
| 12753793022 | snRNA | small nuclear RNA | 31 | |
| 12753793023 | srpRNA | signal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides | 32 | |
| 12753793024 | RNAi | Interference RNA | 33 |
