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| 12342945170 | 19th Amendment (1920) | guarantees all American women the right to vote (women suffrage) | 0 | |
| 12342969078 | 24th Amendment (1964) | prohibits poll tax in elections for federal officials (poll tax gave a disadvantage to poor blacks and whites in voting) | 1 | |
| 12342969079 | 14th Amendment (1868) | granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States (citizenship, due process, equal protection) | 2 | |
| 12342971293 | 15th Amendment (1870) | granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." | 3 | |
| 12342971294 | 4th Amendment | (part of the Bill of Rights) protects people from unlawful searches and seizures; federal authority can't search you or your personal belongings w/o a warrant | 4 | |
| 12342976112 | 5th Amendment (1791) | (bill of rights) The right to due process and protection of double jeopardy, self incrimination, and eminent domain rules. | 5 | |
| 12342977419 | 6th Amendment (1791) | (bill of rights) guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses | 6 | |
| 12342979506 | 2nd Amendment (1791) | (bill of rights) the right to bear arms (weapons) shall not be infringed | 7 | |
| 12342982290 | 10th Amendment (1791) | (bill of rights) any power that is not given to the federal gov. is given to the people or the states | 8 | |
| 12342982291 | 8th Amendment (1791) | (bill of rights) insures that the punishments for crimes are not cruel or unusual, and no excessive bails | 9 | |
| 12343125349 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause to create the Second Bank of the U.S. and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank. | 10 | |
| 12343127615 | Mapp vs. Ohio | established that illegally obtained evidence cannot be used at trial, forbids unreasonable search and seizures (exclusionary rule) | 11 | |
| 12343127616 | Gideon vs. Wainwright | ruled that states needs to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves (related to 6th amendment) | 12 | |
| 12343130650 | Roe vs. Wade | woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (protected by the Fourteenth Amendment) | 13 | |
| 12343131847 | Schenck vs. United States | ruled that right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to the public safety (related to 1st amendment) | 14 | |
| 12343131848 | Baker vs Carr | ruled that all state districts must be equal in population (one of the three rules of redistricting) | 15 | |
| 12343133377 | United States vs. Lopez | ruled that Congress had overreach its constitutional authority under the Commerce Clause when it passed a law prohibiting gun possession in local school zones | 16 | |
| 12343133378 | McDonald vs. Chicago | ruled that the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution applies to state and local gov., as well as federal gov. | 17 | |
| 12343135061 | New York Times vs. United States | ruled that it was possible for the New York Times and Washington Post newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censure (related to 1st amendment) | 18 | |
| 12343135062 | Brown vs. Board of Education | Declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional (related to 14th amendment: overturned Plessy v. Ferguson) | 19 | |
| 12343136890 | Marbury vs. Madison | established judicial review (Supreme Court can review decisions and decide if they are constitutional or unconstitutional) | 20 | |
| 12343140431 | Electoral Vote | The decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominant views of that elector's state | 21 | |
| 12343140432 | Electoral College | a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. | 22 | |
| 12345912247 | Voter Turnout | people vote in the presidential election more than they do during midterms election | 23 | |
| 12345916982 | Executive Agency | independent agency that deals with certain specific areas within the government | 24 | |
| 12345938311 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination illegal; gave the gov. power to enforce all laws governing civil rights (including desegregation of schools and public places) | 25 | |
| 12345949965 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination | 26 | |
| 12345953995 | Bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives | 27 | |
| 12345963064 | Bureaucratic Discretion | bureaucrats' use of their own judgment in interpreting and carrying out the laws of Congress | 28 | |
| 12345964518 | Approval Rating | Job performance evaluation for the president, Congress, other public official or institution that is generated by public opinion polls | 29 | |
| 12345966842 | Washington's Farewell Address | 32-page handwritten address, Washington discussed the dangers of divisive party politics and warned strongly against permanent alliances between the United States and other countries | 30 | |
| 12346002681 | Faction | A group with a distinct political interest | 31 | |
| 12346004420 | Surplus | A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded | 32 | |
| 12346005228 | Deficit | A deficiency or lack of something | 33 | |
| 12346008171 | Oversight | Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department, or office. | 34 | |
| 12350135746 | Regulation | a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority | 35 | |
| 12350144278 | Federal Mandate | an order from the central gov. that all state and local government must comply with | 36 | |
| 12350168889 | Preemption | the invalidation of a U.S. state law that conflicts with federal law | 37 | |
| 12350222894 | Block Grant | a large grant given to a state by the federal gov. w/ only general spending guidelines | 38 | |
| 12350231624 | Categorical Grant | Funds provided for a specific and clearly defined purpose | 39 | |
| 12350249896 | Minority Leader | legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or Senate | 40 | |
| 12350251896 | Majority Leader | legislative leader elected by party members holding a majority of seats in the House or Senate | 41 | |
| 12350253641 | Speaker of the House | leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the HOR | 42 | |
| 12350253642 | Majority Whip | ensure party discipline in a legislature for majority party | 43 | |
| 12350256370 | Minority Whip | ensure party discipline in a legislature for minority party | 44 | |
| 12350259029 | Mandatory Spending | Spending that is required by law on specific programs (When paid Congress and Pres can use remaining money for discretionary spending on programs they choose) | 45 | |
| 12350261967 | Articles of Confederation | A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War | 46 | |
| 12350263834 | Shays Rebellion | Rebellion led by Daniel Shay, protesting mortgage foreclosures; highlighted the need for a strong national gov. | 47 | |
| 12350263835 | Poll Taxes | required citizens of a state to pay a special tax in order to vote | 48 | |
| 12350265819 | Enumerated powers | Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution (including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war) | 49 | |
| 12350268464 | Interstate Commerce | trade between two or more states | 50 | |
| 12350268465 | Legislative Oversight | Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy (performed mainly through hearings) | 51 | |
| 12350271232 | Partisan Polarization | the presence of increasing conflict and divided viewpoints between the Democratic and Republican Parties (Republican controls senate, Democrats controls House; compromise needed or nothing will get done) | 52 | |
| 12350271233 | Federalist 70 | Federalist paper by Hamilton supporting the idea of an executive branch with a strong pres. (the presidency can execute the law quickly) | 53 | |
| 12350275761 | Concurrent Powers | powers shared by the state and federal governments | 54 | |
| 12350275762 | Reserved Powers | Powers not specifically granted to the federal gov., belongs to the states and people | 55 | |
| 12350279167 | Libel | a published false WRITTEN statement that is damaging to a person's reputation | 56 | |
| 12350279168 | Slander | the action of making a false SPOKEN statement damaging to a person's reputation | 57 | |
| 12350285294 | Fighting Words | words that by their very nature inflict injury on those to whom they are addressed or incite them to acts of violence | 58 | |
| 12350285295 | Obscenity | an offensive word or phrase | 59 | |
| 12350287560 | Unicameral | One-house legislature | 60 | |
| 12350287561 | Bicameral | Two house legislature | 61 | |
| 12350292884 | Pocket Veto | veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the pres., who lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it. | 62 | |
| 12350292885 | Bully Pulpit | The Pres using his/her position in the White House as a platform to promote his/her own adgenda | 63 | |
| 12350298012 | Impeach | Powers given to the House to remove the Pres, VP, or other high officials for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." (senate hold trial) | 64 | |
| 12350301554 | Trustee Model | A Rep who votes based on what they think is best for their constituency | 65 | |
| 12350301555 | Politico Model | Elected Rep who acts as a trustee/delegate depending on the issue | 66 | |
| 12350305087 | Delegate Model | elected Reps who vote the way their constituents want them to (regardless of their personal opinions) | 67 | |
| 12350306577 | Tax Loophole | oversights in the tax law that allow some people and businesses to avoid paying taxes | 68 | |
| 12350333292 | Interest Groups | organization of people who share political (or other) goals; and agree to try to influence public policy to achieve those goals | 69 | |
| 12350333293 | Policy Making Process | agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, policy evaluation | 70 | |
| 12350336559 | Partisanship | Strong allegiance to one's own political party. (Often leads to unwillingness to compromise with members of an opposing party) | 71 | |
| 12350336560 | Joint Committee | A committee of the House and the Senate (usually acts as a study group and reports its findings back to the House and the Senate) | 72 | |
| 12350338849 | Select Committee | Small legislative committees appointed for a special purpose and limited time | 73 | |
| 12350338850 | Special Committee | A congressional committee created for a specific purpose, sometimes to conduct an investigation. | 74 | |
| 12350341377 | Conference Committee | joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate | 75 | |
| 12350341378 | Standing Committee | A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area | 76 | |
| 12350344657 | ⅗ Compromise | A slave was to be counted as three-fifths of all "free persons," for purposes of both representation and taxation | 77 | |
| 12350344658 | Cabinet Department | One of the 15 departments of the executive branch | 78 | |
| 12350346833 | Independent Agency | A government entity that is independent of the three branches. | 79 | |
| 12350348762 | Executive Office Bureaus | Offices, agencies, and bureaus that all support the mission of the Executive Branch | 80 | |
| 12350350469 | Brutus I | Document that urged the creation of the Bill Of Rights (Described Federal gov as too corrupt and invading the people's liberties) | 81 | |
| 12350354876 | Incorporation Doctrine | the process by which the Bill of Rights was extended to the states and localities | 82 | |
| 12350354877 | Eminent Domain | Power of a government to take private property for public use | 83 | |
| 12350357700 | Exclusionary Rule | improper gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial | 84 | |
| 12350357701 | Wall of Separation Doctrine | An interpretation of establishment clause that gov. cannot be involved with religion | 85 | |
| 12350360920 | Free Exercise clause | A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion | 86 | |
| 12350360921 | Establishment clause | Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion | 87 | |
| 12350363450 | Federalist 10 | Document by James Madison that stressed the importance of Checks & Balances and it advocates for separation of powers in gov | 88 | |
| 12350363451 | Unified Government | The political condition in which the same political parties control the Pres + Congress | 89 | |
| 12350367613 | Divided Government | The political condition in which different political parties control the Pres + Congress | 90 | |
| 12350367614 | Social Conservative | One who believes that the gov should support and further traditional moral teachings | 91 | |
| 12350371735 | liberal | Someone who favors greater gov intervention, particulary in economic affairs and in the provision of social services | 92 | |
| 12350374862 | Moderate | A person who takes a relatively centrist or middle-of-the-road view on most political issues. | 93 | |
| 12350374863 | Party Affiliation | A user profile that each member of a community had that specifies which party they prefer/support. | 94 | |
| 12350377719 | Declaration of Independence | the document, written by Thomas, in which the delegates of the Continental Congress declared the colonies' independence from Britain | 95 | |
| 12350381119 | Federalist 78 | Document written by Hamilton that discussed the power and significance of judicial review | 96 | |
| 12350381120 | Realignment | A process in which a substantial group of voters switches party allegiance (producing a long-term change in the political landscape) | 97 | |
| 12350383701 | Federalism | power is divided between the national and state governments | 98 | |
| 12350407068 | Gridlock | When there is difficulty passing laws that satisfy the needs of the people (Occurs when: Executive + Legislative diff parties) | 99 |
