Redefining Liberalism: The New Deal 1933-1939
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| 13760224798 | Social welfare liberalism | Expanded individual rights. New Deal activists increased the amount and scope of national legislation; created an increasingly centralized federal administrative system; and instituted new programs, such as Social Security, that gave the government responsibility for the welfare of every American citizen. | 0 | |
| 13760224799 | New Deal | A program of federal activism launched by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It represented a new form of liberalism. The New Deal activists' social welfare liberalism expanded individual rights. Critics of the New Deal charged that its program of big government and social welfare directly repudiated traditional classical liberal principles. | 1 | |
| 13760224800 | What is perhaps the greatest legacy of the New Deal? | The New Deal programs put people to work, instilling hope for the nation's future. | 2 | |
| 13760224801 | Roosevelt's Leadership | He dramatically enlarged the role of the executive branch in setting the budget and initiating legislation. For policy formulation, he relied heavily on his "Brain Trust" of professors. This array of intellectual and administrative talent attracted thousands of recruits into the expanding federal bureaucracy. | 3 | |
| 13760224802 | The Hundred Days | Roosevelt promised "action now." In a legendary legislative session, known as the Hundred Days, Congress enacted fifteen major bills. This legislation focused primarily on banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment. | 4 | |
| 13760224803 | The Emergency Banking Act | On March 5, the day after his inauguration, FDR declared a national bank holiday - a euphemism for closing all the banks - and called Congress into a special session. Four days later Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, which permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed they had sufficient cash reserves. The president assured citizens that federal scrutiny would ensure the safety of their deposits. When the banking system reopened on March 13, deposits exceeded withdrawals, restoring stability to one of the nation's prime financial institutions. | 5 | |
| 13760224804 | What was the first step Roosevelt took to help ease the suffering of the Great Depression? | By passing the Emergency Banking Act in the first week of his presidency, FDR restored stability to one of the nation's prime financial institutions. | 6 | |
| 13760224805 | Glass-Steagall Act | It created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits up to $2,500. | 7 | |
| 13760224806 | Home Owners Loan Corporation | Created to refinance home mortgages threatened by foreclosure. | 8 | |
| 13760224807 | Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | Mobilized 250,000 young men to do reforestation and conservation work. | 9 | |
| 13760224808 | Tennesse Valley Authority | A government-owned corporation that would produce cheap hydroelectric power and encourage economic development in the flood-prone river valley. Critics assailed it as creeping socialism. | 10 | |
| 13760224809 | Agricultural Adjustment Act | Roosevelt considered effective agricultural legislation "the key to recovery." It was a measure jointly developed by the administration officials and major farm organizations that represented a new level of government involvement in the farm economy. The AAA set up an allottment system for seven major commodities (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products). The act provided cash subsidies to farmers who cut their production of these crops. By dumping cash in farmers' hands, the AAA stabilized the farm economy. | 11 | |
| 13760224810 | How did FDR propose to pay for the Agricultural Adjustment Act? | To pay these subsidies, the act imposed a tax on the processors of these commodities, which they in turn passed on to consumers. New Deal policymakers hoped that farm prices would rise as production and supply fell, spurring consumer purchases by farmers and assisting a general economic recovery. | 12 | |
| 13760224811 | Adverse effects of the AAA | Subsidies went primarily to the owners of large farms, who often cut production by reducing the amount of land they rented to tenants and sharecroppers. Such practices forced 200,000 black families off the land. Some blacks tried to protect themselves by joining the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU) but the union was able to accomplish very little. Hundreds of thousands of black sharecroppers and white small holders moved to the cities. | 13 | |
| 13760224812 | National Recovery Act | This was the New Deal's response to the depressed levels of business activity. The National Recovery Administration established a system of self-government in more than 600 industries. Industries regulated themselves by hammering out a government approved code of prices and production quotas. The codes outlawed child labor and set minimum wages and maximum hours for adult workers. The NRA launched an extensive public relations campaign. | 14 | |
| 13760224813 | Unemployment Legislation | Congress established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). The FERA provided federal funds to the states for relief programs. To maintain a commitment of individual initiative, rather than reliance on government payments, the New Deal tried to put people to work. Congress appropriated $3.3 billion for the Public Works Administration. | 15 | |
| 13760224814 | Public Works Administration | A construction program directed by the Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. However Icke's cautious approach to approving public works projects limited the agency's effectiveness. | 16 | |
| 13760224815 | Civil Works Administration | Name Harry Hopkins as its head, and gave it $400 million in PWA funds. Within 30 days, Hopkins had put 2.6 million men and women to work. The CWA funded the employment of 4 million Americans in public works' projects: repairing bridges, building highways, constructing public buildings, and setting up community projects. | 17 | |
| 13760224816 | Alphabet Agencies | In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies. | 18 | |
| 13760224817 | Financial Reform | In 1934, Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock market. The commission had broad powers to regulate companies that issued stock and bonds to the public, set rules for margin (credit transactions), and prevent stock sales by those with inside information on corporate plans. | 19 | |
| 13760224818 | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | In 1934, Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock market. The commission had broad powers to regulate companies that issued stock and bonds to the public, set rules for margin (credit transactions), and prevent stock sales by those with inside information on corporate plans. | 20 | |
| 13760224819 | Banking Act of 1935 | Authorized the president to appoint a new Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, placing control of interest rates and other money-making policies at the federal level rather than with regional banks. | 21 | |
| 13760224820 | The New Deal under Attack | In 1934, Republican business leaders joined with conservative Democrats in a "Libery League" that lobbied against the reckless spending and socialist reforms of the New Deal. Herbert Hoover condemned the NRA as a state-controlled or state-directed social or economic system. | 22 | |
| 13760224821 | Court ruling on National Industrial Recovery Act | In May 1935, the Court ruled that the act represented an unconstitutional delegation of Congress's legislative powers to a code-writing agency in the executive branch of the government. | 23 | |
| 13760224822 | Schechter v. United States | Arose when a Brooklyn firm sold diseased chickens to local storekeepers in violation of NRA codes. The court declared that the NRA unconstitutionally extended federal authority to intrastate commerce. The Court struck down a raft of New Deal legislation in 1935: the Agricultural Adjustment Act, a Railroad Retirement Act, and the Frazier-Lemke debt relief act. | 24 | |
| 13760224823 | Describe some of the challenges FDR's New Deal faced from the Left? | Francis Townsend spoke for the nation's elderly, most of whom had no pension plans and feared poverty in their old age. In 1933 Townsend proposed the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which would give $200 a month to citizens over the age of 60. Charles Coughlin organized the National Union for Social Justice and continued to attack the FDR administration policies, broadcasting his views over the radio. In 1934, Senator Huey Long established a national movement. His "Share Our Wealth Society" argued that the depression did not stem from overproduction but from underconsumption. The unequal distribution of wealth prevented families from buying goods and stimulating the economy. The Society advocated a tax of 100% of all income over $1 million and inheritances over $5 million. | 25 | |
| 13760224824 | Francis Townsend | American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. To receive payments the elderly would have to retire from their jobs, thus opening their positions to younger workers, and agree to spend the money within a month. | 26 | |
| 13760224825 | Father Charles Coughlin | A critic of the New Deal; created the National Union for Social Justice; wanted a monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking system. | 27 | |
| 13760224826 | Senator Huey Long | As the Democratic governor of Lousiana, he had stunning achieved popularity by lowering utility bills, increasing taxes on corporations, and building new highways, schools, bridges, and hospitals. To push through these measures, he had seized almost dictatorial control of the state government. In 1934, Senator Huey Long established a national movement. His "Share Our Wealth Society" argued that the depression did not stem from overproduction but from underconsumption. The unequal distribution of wealth prevented families from buying goods and stimulating the economy. The Society advocated a tax of 100% of all income over $1 million and inheritances over $5 million. | 28 | |
| 13760224827 | The Second Deal | 1935-1938. Roosevelt and his advisors abandoned the middle ground and move to the liberal left. The Second New Deal emphasized social justice: the use of national legislation to enhance the power of working people and the security and welfare of the old, disabled, and the unemployed. | 29 | |
| 13760224828 | Revenue Act of 1935 | Proposed a substantial tax increase on corporate profits and higher income and estate taxes on wealthy citizens. | 30 | |
| 13760224829 | Wagner Act | Upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions. The act did not apply to farm workers. The act outlawed many practices used by employers to squelch unions. | 31 | |
| 13760224830 | National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) | Established by the Wagner Act. A federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion, supervise elections for union representation, and guarantee the process of collective bargaining. | 32 | |
| 13760224831 | Social Security Act | Provided old age pensions for most privately employed workers and established a joint federal state system of compensation for unemployed workers. Because of southern democratic opposition in congress, farmers and domestic servants were excluded from both programs. It was funded by mandatory contributions paid by workers and their employers. | 33 | |
| 13760224832 | What were some of the failures of the Social Security Act? | Roosevelt refused to include a provision for national health insurance because that would make it more difficult to get the measure through Congress. | 34 | |
| 13760224833 | Works Progress Administration | Under the direction of Harry Hopkins, the WPA became the main federal relief agency. It put workers directly onto the federal payroll. The agency's workers greatly expanded the nation's infrastructure. | 35 | |
| 13760224834 | 1936 Election | The Democrats had gained wide support through the New Deal and they re-nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Republicans realized the New Deal was too popular to oppose, so they chose as their candidate the progressive governor of Kansas, Alfred M. Landon. Roosevelt won the presidency. | 36 | |
| 13760224835 | How did FDR respond to the Supreme Court ruling some New Deal legislation as unconstitutional? | The future of the New Deal lay in the hands of a few, elderly, conservative-minded judges. To diminish their influence, the president proposed to add a new justice for every member above the age of 70. Congress rejected the proposal. | 37 | |
| 13760224836 | The Roosevelt Recession | By 1937 industrial output had finally returned to 1929 levels. Roosevelt slashed the federal budget. The results halted the economic recovery. Roosevelt spent his way out of the recession by boosting funding for the WPA and resuming public works projects. | 38 | |
| 13760224837 | Keynesian Economics | John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments use deficit spending to stimulate the economy when private spending proved insufficient. Although the solution for the Roosevelt Recession was improvised it accorded with this theory. | 39 | |
| 13760224838 | How did the Second New Deal differ from the first? | Roosevelt and his advisors abandoned the middle ground and moved to the liberal left. The Second New Deal emphasized social justice: the use of national legislation to enhance the power of working people and the security and welfare of the old, disabled, and the unemployed. | 40 | |
| 13760224839 | Rise of Labor | Exploiting their dominant position in national politics, Democrats used legislation and tax dollars to cement the allegiance of blocs of voters to their party. One of their prize targets were the millions of workers with ties to the labor movement. | 41 | |
| 13760224840 | Congress of Industrial Workers (CIO) | Organized all the workers in an industry, both skilled and unskilled, into one union. It scored its first major victory in the automobile industry, with the creation of the United Automobile Workers. The CIO actively organized blacks in the steel and meatpacking industries. The CIO welcomed new groups to the labor movement. | 42 | |
| 13760224841 | Women in Government | With the New Deal women entered the higher ranks of the government in significant numbers. Frances Perkins, the first woman named to a cabinet post, served as secretary of labor t/o FDR's presidency. | 43 | |
| 13760224842 | Democratic National Committee | Molly Dewson headed the women's divison of the committee. She pushed an issue-oriented program that supported New Deal reforms. | 44 | |
| 13760224843 | Scottsboro Case | Nine young black men were accused of rape by two white women who had been riding a freight train. Within two weeks, a white jury convicted all nine defendants of rape; eight received the death sentence. | 45 | |
| 13760224844 | Resettlement Administration | Established in 1935 to help small famrers and tenants buy land, fought for the rights of black tenant farmers until angry southerners in Congress drastically cut its appropriations. | 46 | |
| 13760224845 | Mary McLeod Bethune | Served during the 1920s as the president of the National Association of Colored Women. In 1935 she organized the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), a coalition of the major associations of black women. She served as the director of the National Youth Administration's Division of Negro Affairs under the New Deal. | 47 | |
| 13760224846 | Indian Reorganization Act | "Indian New Deal." The act reversed the Dawes Act of 1887 by promoting Indian self-government through formal constitutions and democratically elected tribal councils. Government officials no longer attempted to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society. Instead, they embraced a policy of cultural pluralism. | 48 | |
| 13760224847 | Cesar Chavez | Founded the United Farm Workers, a successful union of Mexican American workers. | 49 | |
| 13760224848 | Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 | Virtually cut off Filipino immigration. The act granted independence to the Phillipines, classified all Filipinos in the United States as aliens, and restricted immigration to fifty persons per year. | 50 | |
| 13760224849 | Dust Bowl | Between 1930 and 1941, a severe drought afflicted farmers of the semi-arid mid-west states. Farmers had pushed the agricultural frontier beyond its natural limits, causing mass erosion. Huge clouds of thick dust rolled over the land, turning the day into night. This ecological disaster prompted a mass exodus. | 51 | |
| 13760224850 | "The Grapes of Wrath" | Written by John Steinbeck. Immortalized the Okies' and their journey. | 52 | |
| 13760224851 | Federal Arts Projects | The Federal Art Project gave work to many young artists who would become the twentieth century's leading painters, muralists, and sculptors. The Federal Music Project employed 15,000 musicians and government sponsored orchestras toured the country. The Federal Writers' Projects gave work to 5,000 writers and produced more than a thousand publications. | 53 | |
| 13760224852 | Roosevelt's Democratic Coalition | Its coalition of ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor, blacks, and a broad cross-section of the middle class formed the nucleus of the northern Democratic party. | 54 | |
| 13760224853 | Why did the New Deal end? | Southern Democratic opposition brought the New Deal to a halt. The international scene also increasingly preoccupied Roosevelt and pushed domestic reform further into the background. | 55 | |
| 13760224854 | Warren G. Harding's Political Platform | (R) He sensed the desires of many Americans to put the war and the stresses of 1919 behind them; he promised normalcy. He argued for a return to a strong pro business stance and conservative values. His victory in the 1920 presidential election signaled an end to the Progressive Era and began a Republican dominance until 1932. | 56 | |
| 13760224855 | The "Associated State" | Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, was the most active member of the Harding administration. Under Hoover's direction, the Commerce Department fostered the creation of two thousand trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry. Government officials worked with the associations, providing them with statistical research and assisting them to devise industry-wide standards. Hoover hoped to create an "associated state" between the government and businesses that would promote the public interest. | 57 | |
| 13760224856 | What is meant by "New Era?" | Republican dominance in the federal government from 1920 to 1932 was known as the New Era, characterized by business-government cooperation. It was a time period in which business boomed, while farmers and unions struggled. Republicans moved away from laissez-faire and accepted limited government regulation as an aid to stabilizing government. | 58 | |
| 13760224857 | Normalcy/Warren Harding | Harding ran on the notion that American people wanted a return to "normalcy." He argued for a return to a strong pro business stance and conservative cultural values. His victory signaled an end to the Progressive era. | 59 | |
| 13760224858 | Teapot Dome Scandal | Many of Harding's political associates turned out to be dishonest and corrupt. When he suddenly died of a heart attack in 1923, evidence of widespread fraud and corruption in his administration emerged. The Teapot Dome Scandal was concerned with the secret leasing to private companies of government oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and in Elk Hills, California. | 60 | |
| 13760224859 | Election of 1924 | Calvin Coolidge, vice president to Warren G. Harding, affirmed his support for business and limited government and announced his candidacy for the presidency in 1924. The Democrats nominated John W. Davis, and the Progressives nominated Robert M. La Follette. Calvin Coolidge won the presidency. | 61 | |
| 13760224860 | Robert La Follette's Political Platfrom in the Election of 1924 | His progressive-minded platform called for nationalization of railroads, public ownership of utilities, and the right of Congress to overrule Supreme Court decisions. His candidacy mobilized reformers and labor leaders as well as disgruntled farmers. | 62 | |
| 13760224861 | Women in Politics | After achieving the suffrage in 1920, women expanded their political activism. They were most influential as lobbyists. | 63 | |
| 13760224862 | Women's Joint Congressional Committee | A Washington-based coalition of ten major white women's organizations, including the newly formed League of Women Voters, lobbied actively for reform legislation. Its major accomplishment was the passage in 1921 of the Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act. | 64 | |
| 13760224863 | Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act | It was the first federally funded health-care legislation; the act aimed to lower high rates of infant mortality by funding medical clinics, pre-natal educational programs, and visiting nurse projects. The act was highly controversial, as Conservatives charged it as a Communist plot to socialize American medicine. | 65 | |
| 13760224864 | Business Consolidation | By 1930 a handful of managers stood at the center of American economic life. During the 1920s businesses combined at a rapid rate, with the largest number of mergers occuring in rapidly growing industries. An oligoply if a few major producers dominated the market and controlled prices. | 66 | |
| 13760224865 | The Economy during the 1920s | Immediately after World War 1, the nation experienced a series of economic shocks. In 1919, Americans spent their wartime savings, causing rampant inflation. In 1922 the economy began to grow smoothly again. An abundance of new consumer products, particularly the automobile, sparked economic growth. | 67 | |
| 13760224866 | Agriculture and the Economy during the 1920s | Agriculture - which employed 1/4 of all workers - never fully recovered from the post war recession. During the war, American farmers had borrowed heavily to expand production, but as European farmers returned to their fields, the world market was glutted with goods. The coal and textile industry had similarly expanded output during the war and now faced overcapacity and falling prices. | 68 | |
| 13760224867 | McNary-Haugen Bills | 1927-1928. Proposed a system of federal price supports for a slew of agricultural products - wheat, corn, cotton, rice, and tobacco. President Coolidge opposed the bills as "special-interest" legislation. | 69 | |
| 13760224868 | Define welfare capitalism. What led to the emergence of this belief in the United States? | Welfare capitalism was a system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employee's well being. Many corporations offered workers health insurance, old-age pension plans, and the opportunity to buy stock in the company at below-market prices. Their goal was to create a loyal and long-serving workforce. The emergence was caused by the goal of deterring production-line workers from joining labor unions. | 70 | |
| 13760224869 | American Plan | Corporations attacked unions as un-American because they forced workers to become members. These companies supported the "American Plan" of an open-nonunion shop. Some set up employee commitees to voice workers' complaints. | 71 | |
| 13760224870 | Colorado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers | The Supreme Court ruled that a striking union could be penalized for illegal restraint of trade. | 72 | |
| 13760224871 | Atkins v. Children's Hospital | The ruling voided a minimum wage for women's workers in the District of Columbia. | 73 | |
| 13760224872 | Economic Expansion Abroad | American manufacturers actively promoted foreign sales of consumer products. To supply these markets, firms built factories in foreign countries and bought up existing businesses. | 74 | |
| 13760224873 | How did the United States affect world trade and Europe's ability to repay war debts? | American banks lent money to Germany, enabling it to pay reparations to the Allied Powers. Britain and France then used these funds to pay off their wartime loans from the United States. American politicians made it very difficult to pay off the debts, as evident by the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922. | 75 | |
| 13760224874 | Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 | Followed the Republican policy to exclude foreign-made goods. Unable to sell their goods in the United States, European nations could not easily earn the dollars they needed to pay their debts. | 76 | |
| 13760224875 | Dawes Plan (1924) | It reduced the reparations that Germany owed to the Allies and provided substantial American bank loans to assist the Germans to keep up the payments. The success of the Dawes Plan depended on the continuous flow of American capital to Germany and the ability of the Allies to pay their debts to the United States. | 77 | |
| 13760224876 | Hawley-Smooth Act of 1930 | Raised tariffs on imports to an all-time high and made it nearly impossible for the Allied Powers to pay off their remaining $4.3 billion in war loans. | 78 | |
| 13760224877 | Isolationism | By refusing to join the League of Nations or the Court of International Justice, the United States declined to play an active role in international politics; in this regard, the nation's stance was clearly isolationist. | 79 | |
| 13760224878 | Internationalist | The efforts of American diplomats to shore up the international financial suggest the United States pursued a vigorous, internationalist economic policy. | 80 | |
| 13760224879 | Washington Naval Arms Conference of 1921 | Revealed American strategy in the Pacific. The goal was to deter both excessive expenditure on arms and the buildup of Japanese naval power. | 81 | |
| 13760224880 | Kellogg-Briand Pact | The signatories agreed to condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of foreign policy. | 82 | |
| 13760224881 | Describe American foreign policy, both political and economic, during the 1920s. | By refusing to join the League of Nations or the Court of International Justice, the United States declined to play an active role in international politics; in this regard, the nation's stance was clearly isolationist. But the efforts of American diplomats to shore up the international financial suggest the United States pursued a vigorous, internationalist economic policy. | 83 | |
| 13760224882 | Describe the new national culture that emerged in the United States during the 20s. Give examples. | A new emphasis on leisure, consumption, and entertainment characterized the new national culture. Automobiles, paved roads, the parcel post service, movies, radios, telephones, mass-circulation magazines, brand names, and chain stores linked Americans. | 84 | |
| 13760224883 | Henry Ford/Assembly Line | Before the introduction of the assembly line, Ford workers took twelve and a half hours to put together an auto; on an assembly line they took only 93 minutes. By 1927 Ford was producing a car every 24 seconds. | 85 | |
| 13760224884 | What impact did the automobile have on society? Other businesses? | The expansion of the auto industry stimulated the steel, petroleum, chemical, rubber, and glass industries. It indirectly also provided jobs for over 3.7 million workers. Highway construction became a billion-dollar-a-year enterprise. Car ownership broke down the isolation of rural life and spurred the growth of suburbs. | 86 | |
| 13760224885 | Nativist | Such sentiments recalled the raction to migrants from Ireland and Germany in the 1840s. During the 1920s more than 23 million immigrants came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Nativist animosity fueled a new drive against immigration. | 87 | |
| 13760224886 | What was the cultural conflict between city and country? | Mass media generally reflected values of the cities, and many Americans worried that the cities and the immigrants living there would soon dominate the nation and its culture. Rural America represented the traditional spirit of the nation: hardworking, self-reliant, and independent. Urban America represented changes that threatened the values above. | 88 | |
| 13760224887 | Nativism of the 1920s | Nativists charged that there were too many European migrants and too many who were anarchists, socialists, and radical labor organizers. | 89 | |
| 13760224888 | National Origins Act of 1924 | The act cut immigration quotas to 2 percent of each nationality, as reflected in the 1890 census. | 90 | |
| 13760224889 | Quota of 1929 | It set a cap of 150,000 immigrants per year from Europe and continued to ban most migrants from Asia. The new laws continued to permit unrestricted immigration from countries in the Western hemisphere. | 91 | |
| 13760224890 | Ku Klux Klan | After the premiere in 1915 of "Birth of a Nation," a popular film glorifying the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan, a group of southerners gathered on Stone Mountain, outside of Atlanta to revive the racist organization. The KKK appealed to both urban and rural folk. The largest groups were in urban area. The Klan of the 1920s targeted blacks, Jews, and Catholics. | 92 | |
| 13760224891 | KKK and Politics | Hundreds of Klansmen won election to local offices and state legislatures. At the height of its power in 1925, the Klan had over 3 million members, including a strong contingent of women who pursued a political agenda. | 93 | |
| 13760224892 | Modernists and Liberal Protestants | They found ways to reconcile their religious beliefs with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and other scientific principles. | 94 | |
| 13760224893 | Fundamentalists (Revivalist Protestants) | Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation. | 95 | |
| 13760224894 | Billy Sunday | American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups. | 96 | |
| 13760224895 | Aimee Semple McPherson | Evangelist who gained notoriety as she preached the fundamentalist message nationwide over the radio. | 97 | |
| 13760224896 | The Scopes Trial | In 1925 the Tennesse state legislature made it unlawful to teach any theory that denied the story of the Divine creation of man as taught in the Bible. The American Civil Liberties Union challenged the constitutionality of the law. In interwined in the trial of John T. Scopes who had taught the principles of evolution in his high school class and faced a prison sentence. The press dubbed the Scopes trial the "monkey trial." The jury found him guilty but it was overturned by the Tennesse Supreme Court. | 98 | |
| 13760224897 | What changes in American society prompted the dissent expressed by nativist activists, the Ku Klux Klan, and religious fundamentalists? How did these groups voice their outrage? | Decline in religious values, the presence of immigrants in urban cities, and race relations created conflicted. These groups voiced their outrage through mass rallies and protests, the use of mass media to disseminate their viewpoint, the use of the legislative branch to pass laws, the use of the court system to invalidate existing laws, and the use of violence in the case of the nativists and KKK to stop immigrants, blacks, and Jews from increasing power. | 99 | |
| 13760224898 | The Noble Experiment | Prohibition involved the power of the state to enforce social values. Those who continued to drink after the passage of the amendment gave the decade its reputation as the Roaring Twenties. Urban ethnic groups - German, Irish, Italians - had long opposed restrictions on drinking and refused to comply. Some brewed their own beer. Organized crime took over the bootleg trade and grew wealthy from its profits. The 21st Amendment countered the 18th Amendment and ended the nation-wide prohibition. | 100 | |
| 13760224899 | Drys | Supported the Prohibition. | 101 | |
| 13760224900 | Wets | Argued that Prohibition undermined respect for the law and impinged on individuals' liberties | 102 | |
| 13760224901 | Volstead Act | The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States. | 103 | |
| 13760224902 | Speakeasies | Illegal saloons and clubs that sold alcohol. There were more than 30,000 speakeasies in New York City alone. | 104 | |
| 13760224903 | Writings and Post-War | Influential writers and intellectuals rendered bitter dissents. Writers offered stinging critiques of what they saw as the complacent, moralistic, and anti-intellectual tone of American life. | 105 | |
| 13760224904 | Harlem Renaissance | In the 1920s Harlem stood as "the symbol of liberty and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere." Talented African Americans flocked to Harlem where they broke with older genteel traditions of black literature to reclaim a cultural identity with their African roots. | 106 | |
| 13760224905 | Identify key African American writers of the Harlem Renaissance. What were some of the literary themes of these writers? | Authors such as Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, and Jessie Fauset explored the black experience and represented the "Negro" in fiction. Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes turned to poetry to draw to attention black accomplishment. This creative embodied the ongoing African American struggle to identify as both black and American. | 107 | |
| 13760224906 | How did intellectuals, writers, and artists react to the postwar era? Identify these writers and their works. | Influential writers and intellectuals rendered bitter dissents toward World War 1. "The Three Soldiers" and "1919" by John Dos railed at the obscenity of the war. Ernest Hemingway's "In Our Time," "The Sun Also Rises," and "Farewell to Arms" powerfully described the dehumanizing consequences of the war. TS Eliot's poem "The Waste Land" portrays a fragmented civilization in ruins. | 108 | |
| 13760224907 | Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) | Led by Marcus Garvey and based in Harlem. Urged African Americans to return to Africa, arguing that peoples of African descent would never be treated justly in countries dominated by whites. | 109 | |
| 13760224908 | Marcus Garvey | African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927 after being convicted of mail fraud. | 110 | |
| 13760224909 | Election of 1928 | The Democrats nominated Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York. The Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover, the Secretary of Commerce. | 111 | |
| 13760224910 | Causes of the Great Depression | The economic downturn began in 1927. For five years Americans had spent more than their wages and salaries had risen. As consumers ran out of cash and credit, spending declined and housing construction slowed. In 1928 manufacturers began to cut back and lay off workers. By the summer of 1929, the economy was clearly in recession. | 112 | |
| 13760224911 | Stock Market | Stock prices surged 40% in 1928 and 1929, as investors got caught up in speculative frenzy. On Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, and again on Black Tuesday, October 29, the bubble burst. More than 28 million shares changed hands in panic trading. Overnight, stock values fell from a peak of $87 billion to $55 billion. The unequal distribution of wealth became the structural weakness. Hundreds of banks failed and depositors lost all their money. | 113 | |
| 13760224912 | What were the causes of the Great Depression? | • The economic downturn began slowly and almost imperceptibly in 1927. For five years Americans had spent at a faster pace than their wages and salaries had risen. As consumers ran out of cash and credit, spending declined and housing construction slowed. Soon inventories piled up; in 1928, manufacturers began to cut back production and lay off workers, reducing incomes and reinforcing the slowdown. By the summer of 1929, the economy was clearly in recession. Collapse of the railroad and coal industry further created weaknesses in the economy. A final structural weakness was the unequal distribution of wealth. Once the depression began, a majority of the population lacked sufficient buying power to revive the economy. | 114 | |
| 13760224913 | What did President Hoover blame the severity of the American Depression on? | He blamed it on the international economic situation. During the 1920s the flow of international credit hinged on the willingness of American banks and corporations to make loans and investments in European countries, allowing them to pay reparations and war debts and to buy US goods. As the crisis deepened, US banks and companies reduced their foreign investments, disrupting the European financial system. When the Hawley-Smoot Act raised rates to all time highs, European governments retaliated by imposing their own trade restrictions. Many European countries abandoned the gold standard to protect their economies. Thus, American companies cut back production and purchases of raw material. The crash of 1929 undermined fragile economies around the globe and brought on a worldwide depression. | 115 | |
| 13760224914 | Hawley-Smoot Act | Enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, worsening the Depression in America and abroad. | 116 | |
| 13760224915 | How did President Hoover respond to the economic emergency? | He adopted a two-pronged strategy. Hoover asked business executives to maintain wages and production levels and to work with the government to rebuild America's confidence in the capitalist economic system. He recognized that voluntarism might not be enough, so he won cuts in federal taxes in an attempt to boost private spending and corporate investment, and he called on state and local governments to increase capital expenditures on public works. | 117 | |
| 13760224916 | Hoover's Voluntarism | Reflecting his idea of voluntarism on the business community, he asked business executives to maintain wages and production levels and to work with the government to rebuild America's confidence. He also refused to consider direct federal relief for unemployed Americans and urged reliance on private charity, but unemployment during the depression was too massive for private charities. | 118 | |
| 13760224917 | Revenue Act of 1932 | Increase taxes to balance the budget and lower interest rates, which choked both consumption and investment. | 119 | |
| 13760224918 | The New Deal | 1933-1937. Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression. | 120 | |
| 13760224919 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Approved by Congress in January 1932. To stimulate economic activity, the RFC provided federal loans to railroads, financial institutions, banks, and insurance companies. This strategy of pump priming - infusing funds into the major corporate enterprises - was designed to increase production and create new jobs and invigorate consumer spending. | 121 | |
| 13760224920 | Hoovervilles | Shanty towns where people lived in packing crates, due to the depression. | 122 | |
| 13760224921 | Farm Holiday Association | Thousands of farmers barricaded local roads and protested low prices by dumping milk, vegetables, and other food stuffs on the roadways. | 123 | |
| 13760224922 | Bonus Army | A group of 15,000 unemployed veterans hitchhiked to Washington to demand immediate payment of their bonuses, a pension payment that was due to be paid in 1945. Federal troops burned the encampment to the ground and in a fight that followed injured hundreds of marchers. | 124 | |
| 13760224923 | Why was Hoover hated during the Depression by the public? | Herbert Hoover was viewed as the "do-nothing" president. Hoover had responded to the national emergency with government action on an unprecedented scale. But the nation's needs were also unprecedented, and Hoover's programs failed to meet them. | 125 | |
| 13760224924 | Election of 1932 | The Republicans renominated Herbert Hoover. The Democrats turned to Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt of New York who had persuaded his state legislature to run up a budget deficit to finance innovative relief and unemployment programs. Roosevelt won the election. | 126 | |
| 13760224925 | 20th Amendment | Set subsequent inaugurations for January 20th. | 127 |
