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| 13609232907 | Population ecology | explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations | 0 | |
| 13609245784 | Population | A group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area at the same time.-Most often described by their boundaries and size | 1 | |
| 13609255120 | Density | Number of individuals per unit area or volume - | 2 | |
| 13609255121 | Dispersion | Pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population | 3 | |
| 13609272021 | True or False: density a static property | False. constantly changing based on individuals being added or removed from the population | 4 | |
| 13609609139 | What effects density? | death, birth, emigration, immigration | 5 | |
| 13609613632 | Immigration | influx of new individuals from another population | 6 | |
| 13609618138 | Emigration | Movement of individuals out of a population | 7 | |
| 13609626324 | Birth | Individuals added to population (all forms of reproduction) | 8 | |
| 13609631377 | Death | Individuals removed from population. | 9 | |
| 13609638047 | N | population size | 10 | |
| 13609641147 | s | number of individuals tagged initially | 11 | |
| 13609647250 | n | number of individuals caught in 2nd subsample | 12 | |
| 13609653767 | X | number of marked individuals in 2nd capture | 13 | |
| 13609778402 | How density can be calculated | Calculate population density by extrapolating counts from a sub-sampled area. Estimate population size based in indicator such as nest, burrows, or fecal droppings. Mark-recapture methods | 14 | |
| 13610029441 | What creates contrasting patterns of dispersion? | Within a population's geographic range, local densities may differ substantially | 15 | |
| 13610140387 | Most common distribution pattern | Clumped distribution | 16 | |
| 13610149632 | clumped distribution | individuals are found in groups or patches within their habitat | 17 | |
| 13610157467 | random distribution | Occurs mostly when there an absence of strong attractions or repulsions from among individuals. Individuals are spread out in the environment irregularly; the position of one individual is independent of another. | 18 | |
| 13610223218 | uniform distribution | Rare in nature, individuals who are spaced evenly. Presence of one hinders another. Distance between individuals maximized. | 19 | |
| 13610308226 | Territoriality | the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals in the population. occurs when Distribution results from direct negative interaction between individuals. | 20 | |
| 13610366312 | Demography | study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time. | 21 | |
| 13610372761 | What is often done using life tables | Demographics | 22 | |
| 13610374815 | Life table | an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population | 23 | |
| 13610385986 | What were life tables initially developed for ? | In 1950's for insurance companies | 24 | |
| 13610387650 | Cohort | A group of individuals of the same age. | 25 | |
| 13610391826 | Types of Life Tables | cohort table, static life table and static life table | 26 | |
| 13610600956 | cohort table | follows group of same aged individuals from birth | 27 | |
| 13610609036 | static life table | made from data collected from all ages at a particular time | 28 | |
| 13610618669 | Death Table | Measures mortality data from generation to generation | 29 | |
| 13610625243 | semelparity | have only one reproductive event in their lifetime | 30 | |
| 13610631098 | iteroparity | capable of multiple reproductive events | 31 | |
| 13610656755 | How can a cohort life table be constructed? | from counts/estimates of all individuals in a population as it progresses through time. The first column (x) specifies the age class while the second column (nx) is the number of individuals at start of each age class. | 32 | |
| 13610780075 | lx | Proportion surviving to each age class .divide each n by n0 | 33 | |
| 13610816686 | dx | portion of individuals dying. lx -(lx+1) | 34 | |
| 13610873151 | qx | stage specific mortality rate. dx/lx | 35 | |
| 13610888894 | What is used to determined the population's reproductive output? | Fx,mx,lxmx | 36 | |
| 13610899269 | Fx | number of offspring produced at each age | 37 | |
| 13610901579 | mx | : Individual fecundity, offspring produced per surviving individual (Fx/nx) | 38 | |
| 13610906893 | lxmx | number of offspring produced per original individual at each age. | 39 | |
| 13610934564 | sum of lxmx | R0 equation. net reproductive rate | 40 | |
| 13610942692 | R0 is 1.0 | population is just replacing itself . remain constant | 41 | |
| 13610948296 | R0 > 1 | population is growing | 42 | |
| 13610954807 | R0 < 1.0 | population is declining | 43 | |
| 13610962795 | T (generation time) | time between the birth of one cohort and the birth of their offspring. sum of xlxmx/R0 | 44 | |
| 13611054602 | r | per capita rate of increase. ln(R0)/T | 45 | |
| 13611066366 | r>0 | population is increasing in size | 46 | |
| 13611068138 | r<0 | population is decreasing in size | 47 | |
| 13611070341 | r=0 | population size will remain constant | 48 | |
| 13611078257 | True or False:Life tables can be static | True. also called vertical. they provide a "snapshot" of a population at all life stages at same time | 49 | |
| 13611208740 | Dynamic | Horizontal. follow one cohort, say the progeny of a single breeding season, throughout their lives | 50 | |
| 13611224704 | Dynamic and Vertical | two types of tables are theoretically identical assuming(A) the environment is not changing(B) population is at equilibrium (B=D; I=E | 51 | |
| 13611227976 | survivorship curve | a graphical way of representing the data presented in a life table. extrapolated to begin with cohort of convenient size (1000 individuals | 52 | |
| 13611241293 | types of survivorship curves | Type I: Low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups Type II: A constant death rate over the organism's life span Type III:High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivor | 53 | |
| 13611252592 | Reproductive table or fertility schedule | is an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population. calculated by measuring the reproductive output of a cohort from birth until death. | 54 | |
| 13611265295 | change in population size | births + immigrants - deaths - emigrants | 55 | |
| 13611276624 | population growth rate | Births minus deaths | 56 | |
| 13611327485 | B=bN | where b annual per capita birth rate | 57 | |
| 13611330643 | D=mN | where m annual per capita death rate | 58 | |
| 13611398602 | the difference between per capita birth and death rate | determines the rate of increase or decrease throughout a population. ). This difference is denoted r (per capita rate of increase) | 59 | |
| 13611411499 | Zero Population Growth (ZPG) | When per capita birth and death rates are equal. (r = 0) | 60 | |
| 13611413263 | exponential population growth | when all members of a population have access to unlimited resources and are free to reproduce at their physiological capacity. maximum per capita rate of increase. | 61 | |
| 13611429013 | The size of a population that is growing exponentially increases at a constant rate | species introduced to new environment rebounding species from catastrophic numbers loss | 62 | |
| 13611473488 | Nt=N0e^rt | exponential growth | 63 | |
| 13611474346 | Nt | population size at time t | 64 | |
| 13611475115 | N0 | original population size | 65 | |
| 13611476986 | r | per capita rate of increase | 66 | |
| 13611476987 | t | time | 67 | |
| 13611517737 | carrying capacity(K) | the limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain | 68 | |
| 13611522149 | Resource limitation effects | Resources insufficient for reproduction (b will decline) Energy to maintain themselves declines or disease/predation increase (m will increase) | 69 | |
| 13611526192 | Density dependent | factors that regulate population growth | 70 | |
| 13611529297 | logistic population growth | population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity. rinst N (K -N)/K | 71 | |
| 13611560718 | N is small, (K -N)/K is close to 1 | population's growth rate is close to maximum | 72 | |
| 13611564582 | N is large, (K -N)/K is close to 0 | the population's growth rate is going to be small | 73 | |
| 13611569226 | N = K | the population stops growing | 74 | |
| 13611830424 | Paramecium | follow logistical model | 75 | |
| 13611835049 | Daphnia | doesn't fit logistical model well | 76 | |
| 13611846629 | logistical model | a model of population growth that assumes populations adjust instantaneously to growth and increasing lack of a limiting resource. Continued reproduction despite the burden of a limited resource(s) cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity for a short time | 77 | |
| 13611857447 | Life history | The traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival. | 78 | |
| 13611858957 | 3 main variables of life history | The age at which reproduction begins How often the organism reproduces How many offspring are produce per reproductive episode | 79 | |
| 13611864250 | dependent on semelparity vs iteroparity | life histories | 80 | |
| 13611877023 | Why must there be trade offs between survival and reproduction? | No organism could produce as many offspring as a semelparous species and provision them as well as an iteroparous species. | 81 | |
| 13611900486 | K-selection: | Density-dependent selection, selection for traits that are sensitive to population densities. Operates in populations living at a density near the limit imposed by resources (K) | 82 | |
| 13611903246 | r-selection: | Density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction. Occurs in environments in which population densities are well below carrying capacity or face little competition | 83 | |
| 13611909543 | Allee Effect | Individuals may have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is small. Ecological mechanisms include mate limitation, cooperative defense, cooperative feeding, and environmental conditioning | 84 | |
| 13611936041 | Strong Allee Effect |  | 85 | |
| 13611938420 | no allee effect |  | 86 | |
| 13611954848 | weak allee effect |  | 87 | |
| 13611959816 | density-independent populations | birth rate and death rate do not change with population density. Some physical factor which kills similar portions of the population regardless of its density | 88 | |
| 13611963057 | Density-dependent populations, | birth rates fall and/or death rates increase with population density. Limiting resource, behavioral changes, biotic control | 89 | |
| 13611966129 | population dynamics | focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size | 90 | |
| 13611970610 | Both weather and predator population can affect population size over time | Example: the moose population on Isle Royale collapsed during a harsh winter, and when wolf numbers peaked | 91 | |
| 13611972714 | Boom-and-bust cycles may be due to | food shortages or predator-prey interactions. Example: Snowshoes hares and lynx. Predator populations increase as their prey population increases, but this naturally leads to more predation which begins to decrease prey population. This, in turn, limits food availability and the predator population begins to decline | 92 | |
| 13611978000 | Metapopulation | groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration | 93 | |
| 13611997285 | The Global Human Population | The human population increased relatively slowly until about 1650 and then began to grow exponentially. Global population now > 7 billion. the population is still growing, the rate of growth has begun to slow | 94 | |
| 13612008704 | demographic Transition | Theoretical model describing expected drop in population growth as economic conditions improve | 95 | |
| 13612013778 | Population Momentum: | Populations that are bound to increase for another generation. *Niger-Most of the population are under 30 (high capacity for growth) | 96 | |
| 13612014740 | Transitional Population | China's pre-reproductive and reproductive cohorts are not as dramatic. Population rise bound to slow. There are noticeably more males than females | 97 | |
| 13612017077 | Ultimate goal | to achieve zero population growth (ZPG), when the number or people being born is equal to the number dying | 98 | |
| 13612017654 | replacement fertility rate | when the number or people being born is equal to the number dying | 99 |
