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| 12602017938 | Life span | Period from birth to natural death of the organism. | 0 | |
| 12602019047 | Maximum lifespan | Maximum number of years survived or greatest age reached by any member of a species, and it is a characteristic of species. | 1 | |
| 12602021480 | Life expectancy | It is the age at which half the population still survives, and is characteristic of a population. | 2 | |
| 12602024781 | Why are single celled organisms considered mortal? | Because of their rapid cell division, they seldom die of senescence- rare natural cell death. | 3 | |
| 12602028042 | Reproduction | It is the means of self-perpetuation where parents give rise to viable offspring of the same species. | 4 | |
| 12602030331 | Why is reproduction necessary? | Replaces individuals lost due to ageing, predation or disease, and sexual reproduction introduces necessary variations. | 5 | |
| 12602035954 | Semelparous organisms | They reproduce only once in their lifetime. | 6 | |
| 12602039857 | Iteroparous organisms | They produce offspring in successive cycles. | 7 | |
| 12602041411 | Types of reproduction | asexual and sexual | 8 | |
| 12602042830 | What is asexual reproduction? | It is the mode of reproduction in which new individuals develop directly from specialized or unspecialized parts of a single parent without involving fusion of gametes or sex cells. It is also called agamogenesis or agamogeny, and is typically uniparental. | 9 | |
| 12602052277 | What are the offspring of asexual reproduction called? | They are called ramets, and a colony of ramets is called a clone. They are exactly identical to the parent and each other except in size but can differ later due to the development of mutations. | 10 | |
| 12602057014 | Fission | It is a mode of asexual reproduction in which body of a mature individual divides into two or more similar and equal sized daughter individuals. | 11 | |
| 12602062163 | Binary fission | It is the division of the body into two equal halves, each of which functions as an independent daughter individual. | 12 | |
| 12602066445 | Simple binary fission | Amoeba | 13 | |
| 12602066853 | longitudinal binary fission | Euglena, Vorticella | 14 | |
| 12602067536 | Oblique binary fission | Ceratium, Gonyalaux | 15 | |
| 12602067537 | Transverse binary fission | Paramoecium, Planaria, diatoms, bacteria | 16 | |
| 12602076774 | Paramoecium transverse binary fission | It is unequal and is preceded by amitotic division of meganucleus and mitotic division of micronucleus. Produces an anterior proter and a posterior opisthe. | 17 | |
| 12602069684 | Multiple fission | The nucleus divides several times by amitosis too produce many nuclei without cytokinesis. Later each nucleus gathers a tiny amount of cytoplasm and splits into many tiny daughter cells. | 18 | |
| 12602069685 | Cyst formation | It occurs in response to unfavorable living conditions, and is the formation of a dormant thick walled layer that ruptures to liberate the offspring formed by multiple fission- pseudopodiospores. | 19 | |
| 12602089713 | Exogenous budding | A small outgrowth of the parent's body develops into a miniature individual that later separates to live a free life. | 20 | |
| 12602090634 | Gemmule formation | It is a specialised mass of cells called totipotent archaeocytes enclosed in a common opaque envelope-which on germination gives rise to offspring. It is also called endogeneous budding. | 21 | |
| 12602090635 | Fragmentation | The body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring. | 22 | |
| 12602091936 | Epimorphosis | An organism can repair or renew a lost part of its body. | 23 | |
| 12602091937 | Morphallaxis | The whole body can be reformed from a small fragment. | 24 | |
| 12602092817 | Advantages of asexual reproduction | uniparental, rapid, simpler, clone production | 25 | |
| 12602093692 | Disadvantages of asexual reproduction | No evolution or new linkages, overcrowding, no variation, lower adaptibility | 26 | |
| 12602119207 | Sexual reproduction | It is the biparental production of offspring by formaton and fusion of haploid gametes. | 27 | |
| 12602119838 | Menstrual cycle | Primate female sexual cycle. | 28 | |
| 12602119839 | Estrus cycle | Cyclic changes in female reproductive system of non-primates. | 29 | |
| 12602120845 | Events in sexual reproduction | Pre-fertilization event, syngamy and post-fertilization events | 30 | |
| 12602121489 | Pre-fertilisation events | Gametogenesis and gamete transfer | 31 | |
| 12602121490 | Gametogenesis | The process of formation of gametes | 32 | |
| 12602122473 | Sexuality | Unisexual or Bisexual | 33 | |
| 12602123010 | Cockroach reproductive system | Male cockroach has two testis just beneath 4th to 6th abdominal terga, and females has one pair of ovaries, each with eight ovarioles, embedded in fat bodies from 4th to 6th abdominal segments. | 34 | |
| 12602123695 | Earthworm Reproductive System | Hermaphrodite, two pairs of testes- segments 10 and 11, and two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 11 and 12, and one pair of ovaries in segment 13. Protandry leads to cross fertilization. | 35 | |
| 12602185364 | Crassostrea virginica | Hermaphrodite with regular annual alternation of sexes. | 36 | |
| 12602124712 | Cell division during gametogenesis | Meiosis is an essential feature of the sexual cycle, which results in the formation of haploid daughter cells. It prevents successive chromosomal doubling. | 37 | |
| 12602125237 | Gamete transfer | Male and female gametes must be brought together in physical contact. Pollination occurs in plants, copulation occurs in some animals, or release of gametes by some females occurs. | 38 | |
| 12602125238 | Syngamy | The fusion of male and female gametes to produce a zygote. | 39 | |
| 12602125239 | Fertilization | All the events that ultimately lead to syngamy | 40 | |
| 12602126465 | Parthenogenesis | The process by which female gametes develop into a new individual without being fertilized by a male gamete. | 41 | |
| 12602127631 | Arrhenotoky | Only males are produced by parthenogenesis | 42 | |
| 12602127632 | Thelytoky | Only females are produced by parthenogenesis | 43 | |
| 12602128745 | Amphitoky | Parthenogenetic egg my develop into individual of any sex. | 44 | |
| 12602128746 | External fertilization | The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female | 45 | |
| 12602129777 | Internal fertilization | Process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female's body | 46 | |
| 12602131418 | Embryogenesis | Development of embryo from diploid zygote by cell division and cell differentiation. | 47 | |
| 12602131419 | Oviparous | Eggs hatch outside the mother's body | 48 | |
| 12602132172 | viviparous | live birth | 49 | |
| 12602132173 | Ovoviviparous | the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk | 50 |
