AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 4 Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1774
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| 14784988300 | Patrick Henry | Young Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses. (p. 73) | 0 | |
| 14784988301 | Stamp Act Congress | Representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes. (p. 73) | 1 | |
| 14784988302 | Sons and Daughters of Liberty | Secret society organized to intimidated tax agents. Sometimes they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered tax collectors. (p. 73) | 2 | |
| 14784988304 | Committees of Correspondence | Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772, these letters spread news of suspicious or threatening acts by the British throughout the colonies. (p. 74) | 3 | |
| 14784988305 | Intolerable Acts | Colonist name for the Coercive Acts of 1774, a series of acts created to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. (p. 75) | 4 | |
| 14784988306 | salutary neglect | Period when Great Britain exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. (p. 71) | 5 | |
| 14784988307 | Pontiac's Rebellion | In 1763, American Indian chief led a major attack against the colonial settlements on the western frontier. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion. This led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763. (p. 72) | 6 | |
| 14784988308 | Proclamation Act of 1763 | This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the imaginary boundary in large numbers. (p. 72) | 7 | |
| 14784988309 | Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) | War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70) | 8 | |
| 14784988310 | Albany Plan of Union | The British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York in 1754, to provide for an inter-colonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan. (p. 70) | 9 | |
| 14784988311 | Edward Braddock | In 1755, this general led an army from colonial Virginia, to attack the French near Ft. Duquesne. More than 2,000 of his British and colonial troops were defeated by a smaller force of French and American Indians. (p. 70) | 10 | |
| 14784988312 | George Washington | He led a small militia from the Virginia colony, to halt the completion of the French fort in the Ohio River Valley, Fort Duquesne. In July 1974, he was forced to surrender to a superior force of Frenchmen and their American Indian allies. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War. (p. 70) | 11 | |
| 14784988313 | Peace of Paris | Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War) in 1763. Great Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory. (p. 71) | 12 | |
| 14784988314 | Sugar Act | A 1764 British act which placed duties on foreign sugar and other luxuries. Its primary purpose was to raise money for the English Crown. (p. 72) | 13 | |
| 14784988382 | Quartering ACT | This 1765 act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers. (p. 72) | 14 | |
| 14784988315 | Stamp Act | This 1765 act required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper, such as legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets. This was the first tax paid directly by the colonists, rather than merchants. Boycotts were effective in repealing this act. (p. 72) | 15 | |
| 14784988316 | Declaratory Act | In 1766, Parliament declared that it had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. (p. 73) | 16 | |
| 14784988317 | Townshend Acts | In 1767, Parliament enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. It also created the writs of assistance, which was a general license to search for smuggled goods anywhere. (p. 73) | 17 | |
| 14784988383 | Writs of Assistance | A general license to search anywhere. (p. 73) | 18 | |
| 14784988318 | Tea Act | In 1773, Parliament passed this act which taxed imported tea. The result was that British tea was even cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea. (p. 75) | 19 | |
| 14784988384 | Coercive Acts | In 1774, after the Boston Tea Party, Great Britain created four Coercive Acts to punish the people of Boston and Massachusetts. (p. 75) | 20 | |
| 14784988319 | Quebec Act | In 1774, this act organized the Canadian lands gained from France (Quebec). It established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, set up a government without a representative assembly, and set the Quebec border further south, at the Ohio River. (p. 75) | 21 | |
| 14784988320 | Deism | Believe that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal. (p. 77) | 22 | |
| 14784988321 | Rationalism | Trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity. (p. 77) | 23 | |
| 14784988322 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher who had a profound influence on educated Americans in the 1760s and 1770s. (p. 77) | 24 | |
| 14784988385 | Ohio River Valley | The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War because it was claimed by both the French and the British. The rivers and fertile farmland made the area very valuable. | 25 | |
| 14784988386 | Boston Massacre | The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd of angry colonists, killing five Americans. | 26 | |
| 14784988387 | Boston Tea Party | Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor. | 27 | |
| 14784988388 | British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. Britain gave them exclusive rights to sell tea in the colonies, prompting colonists to rebel. | 28 | |
| 14784988323 | James Madison | One of the major authors of the Virginia Plan and is known as the Father of the Constitution. He was later elected president in 1808, and served for two terms. (p. 104) | 29 | |
| 14784988324 | Alexander Hamilton | One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. He was George Washington's Secretary of the Treasury. (p. 106) | 30 | |
| 14784988325 | Constitutional Convention delegates | These 55 men met in Philadelphia to create a federal constitution. As a group they were wealthy, white, male, educated and most were heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104) | 31 | |
| 14784988326 | Federalists | Favored a strong central government, and a Constitution to improve on the Articles of Confederation. They were most common along the Atlantic coast and in the large cities. (p. 106) | 32 | |
| 14784988327 | Anti-Federalist | Argued that the proposed Constitution contained no protection of individual rights, and that it gave the federal government too much power. They tended to be small farmers and settlers on the western frontier. (p. 106) | 33 | |
| 14784988328 | The Federalist Papers | Series of essays, later published as a book, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. They argued effectively in favor of Constitution. (p. 106) | 34 | |
| 14784988329 | Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens, and adopted in 1781. (p. 108) | 35 | |
| 14784988330 | Washington's Farewell Address | In late 1796, George Washington wrote this address for publication in newspapers. It warned Americans: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, and not to fall into sectionalism. (p. 115) | 36 | |
| 14784988331 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Acts by the Federalists, which authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens, and detain enemy aliens in wartime. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress. (p. 117) | 37 | |
| 14784988332 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | In 1799, two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117) | 38 | |
| 14784988333 | national bank | This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He favored a bank for depositing government funds, assuming state debts, and printing banknotes that could provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. (p. 110) | 39 | |
| 14784988334 | Constitutional Convention | In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates from the thirteen states, excluding Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation. They ended up creating the Constitution which would replace the Articles of entirely. (p. 104) | 40 | |
| 14784988335 | checks and balances | So that one one branch of government could not dominate, the Constitution divided the government into three branches: 1) executive branch led by the president, 2) legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 3) judicial branch lead by the Supreme Court (p. 109) | 41 | |
| 14784988336 | Virginia Plan | James Madison's proposal at the Constitutional Convention, which favored the large states. (p. 105) | 42 | |
| 14784988337 | New Jersey Plan | The counter proposal to the Virginia plan at the Constitutional Convention, it favored the small states. (p 105) | 43 | |
| 14784988338 | Great Compromise | The compromise solution that was adopted at the Constitutional Convention. It was created by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, it provided for a two house Congress. In the Senate, states would have two senators each, but in the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to the size of its population. (p. 105) | 44 | |
| 14784988339 | Three Fifths Compromise | At the Constitutional Convention it was agreed that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining a state's level of taxation and representation. (p. 105) | 45 | |
| 14784988340 | electoral college system | This system would determine the president of the United States. Each state was given a number of electors equal to the total of their number of representatives and senators. These electors would then vote to determine the president. (p. 106) | 46 | |
| 14784988341 | Congress | The legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (p. 105) | 47 | |
| 14784988342 | Washington's cabinet | George Washington organized new departments of the executive (law-enforcing) branch. These appointments had to be confirmed by the Senate. Ex: Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of State, etc. (p. 110) | 48 | |
| 14784988343 | Judiciary Act (1789) | In 1789, this act established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. The Supreme Court was able to rule on the constitutionality of state courts. It provided for a system of thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals. (p. 110) | 49 | |
| 14784988344 | Supreme Court | The only court mentioned in the Constitution. Although, other federal courts were created. (p. 110) | 50 | |
| 14784988345 | national debt | This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He insisted that the federal government assume the war debts of the states and pay off the national debt at face value. This would build the nation's credit, giving other countries the confidence to lend the U.S. more money. (p. 110) | 51 | |
| 14784988346 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania, refused to pay a federal excise tax (tax on a specific product) on whiskey they were producing. President Washington responded by using 15,000 militiamen to stop the rebellion with almost no bloodshed. (p. 113) | 52 | |
| 14784988347 | Democratic-Republican Party | Political party that were against the Federalists. They opposed strong central government and favored states rights. They were led by Thomas Jefferson. (p. 114) | 53 | |
| 14784988348 | Revolution of 1800 | In the 1800 election, Democratic-Republicans came into power in both the executive and legislative branches of government. They defeated the Federalists and peacefully took power, which was an uncommon event at that time in history. (p. 118) | 54 | |
| 14784988349 | Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) | In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. (p. 111) | 55 | |
| 14784988350 | Jay Treaty (1794) | In 1794, this unpopular treaty with Britain, was negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The U.S. wanted Britain to stop seizing U.S. ships and impressing our sailors. However, the treaty said nothing about ship seizures, and Britain only agreed to evacuate posts on the U.S. frontier. (p. 111) | 56 | |
| 14784988351 | Pinckney Treaty (1795) | In 1795, Thomas Pinckney, the U.S. minister to Spain, negotiated this treaty with Spain. Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to trade. The right of deposit was granted to Americans so they could transfer cargos in New Orleans without paying duties. It was agreed that Spain would only control area south of the 31st parallel. (p 112) | 57 | |
| 14784988352 | XYZ Affair | President John Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate over U.S. merchant ships being attacked by French ships. French ministers, known as X, Y, and Z, because there names were never revealed, requested bribes. President Adams resisted a call for war, by sending a new delegation to France. (p. 116) | 58 | |
| 14784988389 | Commercial Compromise | Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree. | 59 | |
| 14784988390 | Ratification of the Constitution | The Constitution required 9 out of 13 states to approve it in order for it to become officially binding. This was achieved in June 1788. | 60 | |
| 14784988391 | Public Land Act (1796) | established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices | 61 | |
| 14784988353 | First Continental Congress | In September 1774 all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85) | 62 | |
| 14784988354 | Samuel Adams | Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence and the Sons of Liberty. | 63 | |
| 14784988355 | Patrick Henry | Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. (p. 85) | 64 | |
| 14784988356 | John Adams | Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He was on the drafting committee for the Declaration of Independence & helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris in France. | 65 | |
| 14784988357 | George Washington | Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. He was nominated by the Second Continental Congress to be the leader of the continental army. | 66 | |
| 14784988358 | John Dickinson | Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania". | 67 | |
| 14784988359 | Suffolk Resolves/Declaration of Rights and Grievances | Created by the Massachusetts legislature, it rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal; they also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts. (p. 86) | 68 | |
| 14784988360 | Declaration & Resolves | The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86) | 69 | |
| 14784988361 | Lexington and Concord | On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston were sent to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. The British then moved on to this second town. (p. 86) | 70 | |
| 14784988362 | Minutemen | Members of the colonial militia who got their nickname by being ready to grab their guns and fight on a minute's notice. (p. 86) | 71 | |
| 14784988363 | Battle of Bunker Hill or Breed's Hill | On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the war. (p. 87) | 72 | |
| 14784988364 | Second Continental Congress | In May 1775 representatives met in Philadelphia. They became the informal governing body for the colonies during the war. (p. 87) | 73 | |
| 14784988365 | Olive Branch Petition | In July 1775 the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87) | 74 | |
| 14784988366 | Common Sense | In January 1776 Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88) | 75 | |
| 14784988367 | Prohibitory Act (1775) | In August 1775 King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, ordered a blockade of colonial ports, and declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87) | 76 | |
| 14784988368 | Declaration of Independence | This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the revolution. It was ratified on July 4th 1776. (p. 88) | 77 | |
| 14784988369 | Thomas Jefferson | Member of the Continental Congress from Virginia who became the main author of the Declaration of Independence | 78 | |
| 14784988370 | Patriots | Colonists who supported freedom and independence for America(p. 88) | 79 | |
| 14784988371 | Loyalists/Tories | Those who wanted to remain British and loyal to the crown. The majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative; many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89) | 80 | |
| 14784988372 | Valley Forge | Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89) | 81 | |
| 14784988373 | Battle of Saratoga | In October 1777 General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90) | 82 | |
| 14784988374 | Battle of Yorktown | In 1781 the last key battle of the Revolutionary War was fought and the colonist army prevailed. (p. 90) | 83 | |
| 14784988375 | Treaty of Paris | In 1783 this treaty stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91) | 84 | |
| 14784988376 | Articles of Confederation | Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers, and it was replaced by the Constitution in 1788. (p. 91) | 85 | |
| 14784988377 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93) | 86 | |
| 14784988378 | Shay's Rebellion | Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93) | 87 | |
| 14784988379 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. Part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93) | 88 | |
| 14784988380 | Unicameral Legislature | A legislature which consists of one chamber or house. | 89 | |
| 14785022319 | French and Indian War | (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. |  | 90 |
| 14785146253 | Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. |  | 91 |
| 14785152160 | Annapolis Convention | A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention |  | 92 |
| 14785158184 | Framers of the Constitution | In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia to create a federal constitution. As a group they were wealthy, white, male, educated and most were heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104) | 93 | |
| 14785160399 | Citizen Edmond Genet | French government representative asking for assistance for the French Revolution. Sparked support for the French Revolution and led to the creation of the Democratic-Republican party |  | 94 |
| 14785170755 | Tariffs | Taxes on imported goods for the purpose of protecting American business. | 95 |
