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| 11201473414 | Industrial Revolution | The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation and communication. | 0 | |
| 11201487097 | agriculatural revolution | The transformation of farming in the eighteenth century that resulted from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. | 1 | |
| 13700163618 | mass production | The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacturing of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. | 2 | |
| 13700179846 | Josiah Wedgwood | English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. | 3 | |
| 13700187325 | division of labor | Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity. | 4 | |
| 13700199223 | Richard Arkwright | English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. | 5 | |
| 13700202367 | Crystal Palace | Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. | 6 | |
| 13700205826 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery in factories and powering ships and locomotives. | 7 | |
| 13700216190 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry. It was a practical source of power for the industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. | 8 | |
| 13700228621 | electric telegraph | A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. | 9 | |
| 13700253294 | laissez faire | The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). | 10 | |
| 13700259122 | mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. | 11 | |
| 13700270060 | positivism | A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America in the nineteenth century. | 12 | |
| 13700275892 | proletariat | the class of industrial wage earners who possess neither capital nor the tools of production. They, therefore must earn their living by selling their labor. | 13 | |
| 13700297629 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 14 | |
| 13700303220 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. It was the belief that one could reform society by discovering t=rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 15 | |
| 13700327710 | Benjamin Franklin | An American intellectual, inventor, and politician who helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution. | 16 | |
| 13700336562 | George Washington | Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). | 17 | |
| 13700341771 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. | 18 | |
| 13700348509 | Constituitonal Convention | Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. | 19 | |
| 13700361050 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | 20 | |
| 13700368082 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 21 | |
| 13700372717 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 22 | |
| 13700375189 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 23 | |
| 13700381581 | Napoleon Bonaparte | General who overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 24 | |
| 13700385873 | gens de couleur | Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. | 25 | |
| 13700390376 | Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. | 26 | |
| 13700394634 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. | 27 | |
| 13700397942 | Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. | 28 | |
| 13700404981 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 29 | |
| 13700408162 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 30 | |
| 13700408163 | Serbia | The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. | 31 | |
| 13700423709 | Tanzimat | Restructuring reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient. | 32 | |
| 13700425748 | Crimean War | Conflict between Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. | 33 | |
| 13700445402 | extraterritoriality | The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. | 34 | |
| 13700468513 | Slavophiles | Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people. | 35 | |
| 13700470907 | Pan-Slavism | Movement among Russian intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe. | 36 | |
| 13700476494 | Decembrist revolt | Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825. | 37 | |
| 13700482665 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. | 38 | |
| 13700486015 | Bannermen | Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. | 39 | |
| 13700490094 | Treaty of Nanking | The treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. | 40 | |
| 13700495339 | treaty ports | Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. | 41 | |
| 13700500899 | most-favored-nation status | A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. | 42 | |
| 13700505667 | Taiping Rebellion | A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire. | 43 |
