Modified by Tina Jones from OpenStax Concepts of Biology available for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology.
Concepts of Biology by OpenStax is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0
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| 9945004361 | surface tension | the cohesive force at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating | 0 | |
| 9945004332 | base | a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH | 1 | |
| 14724452241 | specific heat capacity | the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius; water's is particularly high | 2 | |
| 9945004328 | acid | a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH | 3 | |
| 9945004330 | anion | a negative ion formed by gaining electrons | 4 | |
| 9945004331 | atomic number | the number of protons in an atom | 5 | |
| 9945004329 | adhesion | the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance | 6 | |
| 9945004333 | buffer | a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions | 7 | |
| 9945004334 | cation | a positive ion formed by losing electrons | 8 | |
| 9945004335 | chemical bond | an interaction between two or more of the same or different elements that results in the formation of molecules | 9 | |
| 9945004336 | cohesion | the intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creates surface tension | 10 | |
| 9945004337 | covalent bond | a type of strong bond between two or more of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between elements | 11 | |
| 9945004339 | electron | a negatively charged particle that resides outside of the nucleus; lacks functional mass and has a charge of -1 | 12 | |
| 9945004340 | element | one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances and retain the characteristic of that substance; each has a specified number of protons and unique properties | 13 | |
| 9945004341 | evaporation | the release of water molecules from liquid water to form water vapor | 14 | |
| 9945004342 | hydrogen bond | a weak bond between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged elements or molecules | 15 | |
| 9945004343 | hydrophilic | describes a substance that dissolves in water; water-loving | 16 | |
| 9945004345 | ionic bond | a chemical bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another thus associating the two atoms of opposite electrical charge | 17 | |
| 9945004344 | hydrophobic | describes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water-fearing | 18 | |
| 9945004346 | ion | an atom or compound that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons, and therefore has a net charge | 19 | |
| 9945004347 | isotope | one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons | 20 | |
| 9945004349 | mass number | the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom | 21 | |
| 9945004350 | matter | anything that has mass and occupies space | 22 | |
| 9945004351 | neutron | a particle with no charge that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 | 23 | |
| 9945004354 | octet rule | states that the outermost shell of an element with a low atomic number can hold eight electrons | 24 | |
| 9945004353 | nucleus | the dense center of an atom made up of protons and (except in the case of a hydrogen atom) neutrons | 25 | |
| 9945004355 | pH scale | a scale ranging from 0 to 14 that measures the approximate concentration of hydrogen ions of a substance | 26 | |
| 9945004356 | periodic table | an organizational chart of elements, indicating the atomic number and mass number of each element; also provides key information about the properties of elements | 27 | |
| 9945004357 | polar covalent bond | a type of covalent bond in which electrons are pulled toward one atom and away from another, resulting in slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule | 28 | |
| 9945004359 | radioisotope | an isotope that spontaneously emits particles or energy to form a more stable element | 29 | |
| 9945004358 | proton | a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1 | 30 | |
| 9945004360 | solvent | a substance capable of dissolving another substance | 31 | |
| 14724009574 | atomic mass | the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element | 32 | |
| 14724043031 | chemical reactivity | the ability of atoms to combine and to chemically bond with one another | 33 | |
| 14724062940 | molecule | two or more atoms chemically bonded together | 34 | |
| 14724073324 | orbital | a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons | 35 | |
| 14724094842 | chemical reaction | the process by which one or more substances (reactants) change to produce one or more different substances (products) | 36 | |
| 14724106464 | reactant | a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction; found to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation | 37 | |
| 14724129183 | product | a substance that forms in a chemical reaction; found to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation | 38 | |
| 14724140789 | compound | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds | 39 | |
| 14724150709 | equilibrium | a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced. | 40 | |
| 14724178734 | electrolyte | substance which dissociates into its respective ions in an aqueous solution; very important in nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance in the body. | 41 | |
| 14724212758 | valence shell | outermost electron shell of an atom | 42 | |
| 14724218853 | noble gases | the elements in Group 8A of the periodic table; highly stable/nonreactive (inert) due to their full valence shell of electrons; examples: helium, neon, argon. | 43 | |
| 14724248142 | electronegativity | a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons | 44 | |
| 14724254065 | partial negative charge |  | 45 | |
| 14724330282 | nonpolar covalent bond | a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. | 46 | |
| 14724310446 | partial positive charge |  | 47 | |
| 14724396555 | Van der Waals interactions | individually weak bonds that occur only when atoms of molecules are very close together; important in biological systems | 48 | |
| 14724460624 | heat of vaporization | the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state; water's is particularly high | 49 | |
| 14724455038 | calorie | amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C | 50 | |
| 14724477417 | dissociation | the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves | 51 | |
| 14724490834 | capillary action | tendency of an aqueous solution to rise up into a thin, glass tube when the tube is placed beneath the solution's surface; due to adhesion of water to glass | 52 |
