Terms : Hide Images
| 10855038235 | what did the creation of the "New World" bring? | - Tragic Results: war, duplicity, displacement, enslavement - Blending and accommodation of diverse peoples and resilient cultures engaged in the everyday tasks of building homes, planting crops, trading goods, raising families, enforcing laws, and worshipping their gods | 0 | |
| 10855056921 | Rapid population growth and the rise of commercial agriculture brought... | - squeezed poor farmworkers off the land and into cities like London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Paris where they struggled to survive - Because they struggled to survive in Europe, they were willing to risk their lives to come to American colonies - Some people came to the American colonies for political security and religious freedom - The only exception was Africans who were captured and transported to new lands against their will | 1 | |
| 10855077162 | Those who initally settled in colonial America were... | - mostly young (more than half were under twenty-five) - male - poor - almost half were indentured servants or slaves - median age was 16 - England provided 50000 convicts to the American colonies to be workers and relieve jails - many newcomers moved within colonies to find better land and opportunities | 2 | |
| 10855448774 | population in early america | - hard and often short - the first wave of colonists died of disease, starvation, and killed by natives - the death rate in first settlements was 50% - the American population doubled every twenty-five years during the colonial period - growth in the colonial population came about because the land was plentiful and cheap and laborers were scarce and expensive - people in the colonies tended to have large families (children could help out in farms). they also tended to marry earlier (women by age 20) - mortality rates in the colonies were lower than in Europe - Americans were also less susceptible to disease than Europeans because colonial settlements were more scattered and sparsely populated than those in Europe - That changed when colonial cities grew larger, congested, and trade and travel increased. Levels of contagion were about the same as Europe. | 3 | |
| 10855497209 | child population of early america | - birth rate also rose because of earlier marriages. women typically had two additional pregnancies. women had a child once every two to three years. - most babies were delivered at home in often unsanitary conditions and harsh weather - 25-50% of women died during birthing - almost a quarter of all babies did not survive infancy, especially during colonial years of settlement - more deaths occurred among small children than any other age groups | 4 | |
| 10855564756 | Women in the Colonies | - English America had more women than New Spain and New France - more women did NOT mean more equality - most colonists still had their deeply rooted beliefs about the inferiority of women - women were excepted to focus on their domestic sphere - were to obey husbands, nurture children, maintain households - "true wife" is someone who is "in subjection to her husband's authority" - role was to guide the house, not the husband - women could not vote, hold office, attend schools/colleges, bring lawsuits, sign contracts, or become ministers - divorces were granted only for "cruel and barbarous treatment" - father always received custody of children | 5 | |
| 10855603134 | women's work | - involved activities in house, garden, fields - unmarried women worked outside the house. many moved into other households to help with children or make clothes. others stayed home and took in children or spun thread into yarn to exchange for cloth. some hired themselves as apprentices - there were women silversmiths, blacksmiths, shoemakers, sailmakers, shopkeepers, mill owners, operated laundries/bakeries - any money earned by women was the property of her husband - lucrative trades of women was prostitution. many servants took it up after their indenture was fulfilled. catered to men from all walks of life. | 6 | |
| 10855635789 | women and religion | - women were not allowed to ordained as ministers - only Quakers let women hold church offices and preach in public - puritans believed that God required virtuous women to submit to male authority and remain silent in congregational matters - women who challenged ministerial authority were usually prosecuted and punished - women made up the majority of church members - their attendance worried many ministers because a feminized church was presumed to be a church in decline - religious roles of black women were different than white women - Western African tribes: women were NOT subordinate to men, served as priests and cult-leaders. most of them tried to sustain their traditional African religion once they arrived in the colonies. - black women and men were often excluded from church membership due to the fear that Christianized slaves might seek to gain freedom. Virginia in 1667 passed a law specifying that children of slaves will be slaves regardless of if they have been baptized as Christians | 7 | |
| 10925195899 | society and economy in the southern colonies | - inequalities of wealth became more visible - social life became more divided - use of enslaved Indians and Africans to grow/process demanded European crops gave enormous profits to few large landowners and their families - planters and merchants became a separate class from the common folk. they dominated the legislature and bought luxury goods from London and Paris. built brick mansions with formal gardens. looked down upon their social "inferiors" both white and black. - warm weather and plentiful rainfall allowed southern colonies to grow staple crops: tobacco, rice, sugarcane, indigo - created system of floodgates to allow workers to drain or flood their fields as needed - rice planters became the wealthiest group in British colonies - plantations growth=demand for enslaved laborers - colonists built sparsely furnished cabins on stone or brick foundations roofed with thatched straw - used wooden shutters to cover openings (windows) | 8 | |
| 10925477544 | society and economy in New England | - New England was different from southern and middle Atlantic regions - more governed by religious concerns - less focused on commercial agriculture - more-engaged in trade - much less involved in slavery | 9 | |
| 10925511257 | townships in New England | -the first public structure built was usually a church whenever a new town was founded - every town had to collect taxes to support a church - every resident (regardless of being a church member) was required to attend midweek and Sunday religious services (average New Englander had 7000 sermons in a lifetime) - Puritans believed that God had created a covenant in which people form a congregation for common worship. led to idea of forming a government. - Principles of democracy were not part of Puritan political thought. they sought to do the will of God, not the people. Ultimate authority was the Bible (as interpreted by ministers and magistrates) not the majority rule - few colonists received huge tracts of land - township grants were awarded to organized groups of settlers (often gathered into a church congregation). they would request the General Court a "town"(township) and then would divide the land according to a rough principle of equity. people who had larger families or greater status might receive more land. retained some pasture, woodlands, tracts for later arrivals | 10 | |
| 10925723296 | Dwellings and Daily Life in New England | - houses were plain but sturdy dwellings centered on a fireplace - interiors were dark, illuminated by candles or oil lamps - most people went to sleep soon after sunset (bc candles/oil lamps were expensive) - family life revolved around the main room on the ground floor - meals were cooked in a large fireplace - the father of the family referred to "chair man" sat in the only chair (rest of the family stood/sat on stools/benches) - cornbread was a daily staple | 11 | |
| 10925793057 | New England Economy | - growing season was short - no staple crops grew in harsh climates that could be sold at markets - wheat, barley, oats, some cattle, pigs, sheep - used the sea for livelihood - codfish was a regular element in European diet - New England had heavy concentrations of cod and whales - they used whale oil for lighting and lubrication and ambergris (waxy substance) for manufacture of perfumes - they exported dried fish to Europe and West Indies (lesser grade value there bc it was food for slaves) - encouraged development of shipbuilding - growing experience and expertise at seafaring spurred transatlantic commerce - rising income and booming trade brought a taste for luxury goods which clashed with Puritan ideals of plain living and high thinking | 12 | |
| 10932345826 | Shipbuiling in New England | - old-growth trees were especially prized for use as ships' masts and spars - the British government claimed the tallest and straightest American trees (mostly white pines and oaks) for the Royal Navy - British officials encouraged the colonists to develop their own shipbuilding industry - American-built ships became known for their quality and price - it was cheaper to purchase ships built in America than to transport American timber to Britain for ship construction - large ships can require as many as 2000 trees - nearly a third of all British ships were made in the colonies | 13 | |
| 10932345827 | Trade in New England | - New England colonies became part of a complex North Atlantic commercial network - traded with the British Isles and British West Indies - Illegally traded with Spain, France, Portugal, Netherlands, and their colonies - trade between New England and middle colonies was different than the South - lack of staple crops to exchange for English goods was a relative disadvantage - the success of shipping and commercial enterprises worked in their favor - English government placed prohibitive taxes on fish, flour, wheat, and meat to protect its agriculture and fisheries - Between 1698 and 1717, New England and New York bought more from England than they exported to it. Created an unfavorable trade balance. More coins went out than came in. | 14 | |
| 10932349837 | The Devil in New England | 15 | ||
| 10957909216 | Society and Economy in the Middle Colonies | - New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland - culturally and geographically stood between New England and the South - reflected diversity of colonial life - foreshadowed the pluralism of the future nation | 16 | |
| 10957955828 | An Economic Mix in the Middle Colonies | - provided surpluses of foodstuffs for export to the slave-based plantations of the South and the West Indies - wheat, barley, oats, other grains, flour, livestock - three rivers (Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna) - the backcountry of Pennsylvania and New York had rich fur trade with Native Americans - commerce rivaled with New England's | 17 | |
| 10957957235 | An Ethnic Mix in the Middle Colonies | - differed from both New England (Puritan settlements) and the South (biracial plantation colonies) - New York & New Jersey: Dutch culture and language lingered - Along Delaware River the first settlers- Swedes and Finns- were overwhelmed by an influx of Europeans - mid-eighteenth century: middle colonies were the fastest-growing region in North America - Germans came to primarily Pennsylvania. Some came bc of William Penn's brochure which promised religious freedom. Interested many persecuted sects. - 1683: group of Mennonites founded Germantown. Represented first wave of German migrants - throughout 18th century, Scots-Irish moved farther into the Pennsylvania backcountry. land was a great attraction for poor Scots-Irish but the lands they "squatted on" were claimed by Native Americans - The Scots-Irish and the Germans became the largest non-English ethnic groups in the colonies - ethnic minorities also enriched the population in the middle colonies - New York inherited a tradition of ethnic and religious tolerance from the Dutch which gave the colony a diverse population before the English conquest | 18 | |
| 10999938893 | The Backcountry | - Pennsylvania became the great distribution point for the different ethnic groups of European origin - Chesapeake Bay region, Charleston, and South Carolina became distribution points for African people - settlers in the Pennsylvania backcountry had trespassed across Indian lands and reached the Appalachian Mountain range - Scots-Irish and Germans filtered southward down the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and on into the Carolina and Georgia backcountry - Germans were the first white settlers in the Upper Shenandoah Valley in Southern Pennsylvania, western Maryland, and northern Virginia - Scots-Irish filled the lower valley in western Virginia and North Carolina - the settlers built cabins and tended farms on Indian lands, built evangelical churches, and established contentious isolated communities along the frontier of settlement | 19 | |
| 11000898389 | race-based slavery | - late 17th century, slavery was legalized in all the colonies but was most prevalent in the South - race-based slavery was a normal aspect of everyday life in an imperfect world; few considered it a moral issue - believed that God determined one's position in life and slavery was not a social evil but a personal misfortune dictated by God - by 1660s begun to legalize the institution of race-based slavery with detailed slave codes regulating most aspects of their lives - EX: South Carolina code defined all "Negros, Mulattoes, and Indians" sold as bondage as slaves for life, as were the children born of enslaved mothers - Virginia legislature declared that slaves could not serve on juries, travel without permission, or gather in groups of more than two or three - some colonies prohibited owners from freeing their slaves | 20 | |
| 11001002046 | Color Prejudice | - Portuguese and Spanish had established a global trade in enslaved Africans - Spanish and Portuguese had enslaved Indian captives before the English settlers - the Europeans did not enslave other Europeans who were captives of warfare - color was the crucial difference - English associated the color black with darkness, evil - different appearance, behavior, and customs of Africans and Native Americans represented savagery and heathenism - justified slavery by convincing themselves that blacks/Indians were naturally lazy, treacherous, and stupid, among other shortcomings | 21 | |
| 11001077274 | Colonial Slavery | - the profitable sugar-based economies of the French and British West Indies and Portuguese Brazil had the greatest demand for enslaved Africans - sugar was as valuable as gold/silver - profits generated by sugar colonies in the Carribean were greater than all of the commerce in the American mainland colonies - the number of African slaves in those colonies grew enormously - the flow of white indentured servants from Britain and Europe to American was slowing - After 1700, the largest number of new arrivals were enslaved Africans who totaled more than all European immigrants combined - the profitability of African slavery led dozens of new slave trading companies to emerge both in Europe and America, expanded the availability of enslaved Africans and lowering the price - American colonists preferred slaves because they were offically viewed as property with no civil rights and they (and their children) were servants for life - they could not escape easily in a land where they stood out because of their dark skin - offered better investment for colonial Americans | 22 | |
| 11001080451 | The Market in Slaves | - slaves were usually forbidden to use their former languages, practices, and African religion or to sustain their native cultures - a vast majority of slaves worked on farms or plantations - over time, slaves became skilled artisans, blacksmiths, carpenters, bricklayers - many enslaved women became household servants and midwives | 23 | |
| 11001206250 | slave abuse and resistance | - colonial laws allowed whites to use brutal means to discipline and control their slaves - in the Carribean islands, working conditions were even worse - colonial newspapers were sprinkled with notices about runaway slaves - slaves organized armed rebellions in which they stole weapons, burned/looted plantations, and occasionally killed their captors | 24 | |
| 11001242086 | Stono Rebellion (1739) | - some twenty slaves attacked a store in Stono, South Carolina - killed the owner, seized weapons, headed south towards freedom in Spanish Florida gathering more recruits along the way - within 15 days, slaves killed 25 whites - growing army of slaves marched in military formation, waved banners, beat drums, and freed slaves as they moved southward - most rebels were killed - frightened white planters - convinced to pass Negro Act of 1740 which called for more oversight of slave activities and harsher punishments for rebellious behavior | 25 | |
| 11001308595 | Slavery in NYC | - most slaves in northern colonies lived in towns/cities - urban environment gave them more opportunities to move about - NYC had more slaves than any other American city - number of slaves increases in the congested city, racial fears and tensions mounted and occasionally exploded - In 1712, many slaves revolted, started fires, used swords, axes, guns to kill whites - organized rebellions were rare bc their success rate was low and punishments were severe - subtler forms of resistance and accommodation adopted by enslaved Africans (stealing foods, breaking tools, destroying crops, feigning illness, etc.) | 26 | |
| 11001373134 | colonial cities | - american colonists were mostly populated by farmers/farmworkers - handful of cities blossomed into dynamic urban centers of political and social life - economic opportuinity drove most city dwellers - colonial cities mostly hugged the coastline or major waterways (like Philly) bc they could handle oceangoing vessels - large coastal cities had a disproportionate influence on commerce, politics, society, and culture | 27 | |
| 11001414176 | the social and political order | - the urban social elite was dominated by wealthy merchants and property owners served by a middle class of shop owners, innkeepers, and skilled craftsmen - almost 2/3 of urban male workers were artisans (included carpenters, coopers (barrel makers), shoemakers, tailors, silversmiths, blacksmiths, sailmakers, stonemasons, weavers, and potters) - bottom of social order were sailors, manual laborers, servants, slaves - colonial cities were busy, crowded and dangerous - epidemics (cholera, malaria, yellow fever) were common - frequent fires led to development of fire companies - rising crime and violence required increased policing of neighborhoods by sheriffs and local militias - the disabled, elderly, widows, and orphans were often provided money, food, clothing, and fuel - "poorhouses" were build to house the homeless poor and provide them with jobs | 28 | |
| 11001418396 | Inns and Taverns | - inns and taverns were especially important since travel during night was horrible and Americans loved to drink - they were places to eat, relax, play cards, gossip, conduct business - ministers believed that they were promoting drunkness and social rebellious - in Massachusetts Bay Colony, ministers succeeded in passing an anti-tavern law called Act against Intemperance, Immorality, and Profaness - tightened process of issuing sale of liquor, elimanted fiddle-playing in pubs, banned sale of rum and brandy - law was rarely enforced - end of 17th century, there were more taverns in America than any other businesses and they became the most important social institution in the colonies and the most democratic - places where the rich and poor intermingled - mid 18th century, gathering places against British rule | 29 | |
| 11001605885 | postal service | 1710: postal system encompassed most of the Atlantic Seaboard and provided colonies with an effective means of communication that would prove crucial in the growing controversy with Great Britain - spurred growth of newspapers - an important landmark in the development of freedom of the press: John Peter Zenger's 1735 trial for publishing criticisms of New York's royal governor in his newspaper, the New York Weekly Journal | 30 | |
| 11001642652 | The Enlightenment in America | - new European ideas circulating in 18 century america grew out of a burst of innovative intellectual activity - profound breakthrough in understanding human society and the natural world - celebrated rational inquiry, scientific research, individual freedom - they were people who sought the truth, wherever it may lead, rather than remain content with with believing ideas and dogmas passed down through the ages or taken from the Bible - used the power of reason to analyse the workings of nature - employed new tools like microscopes and telescopes to engage in close observation, scientific experimentation, precise mathematical calculation | 31 | |
| 11012256642 | The Age of Reason | - another word for the Enlightenment - triggered when the ancient view that the Earth was at the center of the universe was challenged by the controversial, heliocentric, solar system described by Nicolaus Copernicus (polish astronomer and Catholic priest) - Issac Newton challenged biblical notions of the world's workings by depicting a changing, dynamic universe moving in accordance with natural laws that could be grasped by human reason and math - Newton implied that natural laws (rather than God) govern all things, from the orbits of the planets to the effects of gravity to the science of human relations (politics, economics, society) | 32 | |
| 11012494684 | Deists | - carried Newton's scientific outlook to its logical conclusion- God created the world and designed its natural laws and that they governed the operations of the universe - believed that God set these laws and world but now no longer keeps contact with the world's people nor interacted directly with the Earth - this belief was nothing like the intervening God of Christianity whom believers prayed for daily guidance and direct support - evil resulted from human ignorance of the rational laws of nature (not from inherent sinfulness as outlined in the Bible) - by education, reason, and scientific analysis, societies were bound to improve their knowledge as well as their quality of life - faith in human progress was most important beliefs of the Enlightenment and notion of political freedom - John Locke: called for a government resting on the consent of the governed and respecting the "natural rights" of all | 33 | |
| 11012713544 | Ben Franklin | - bought a print shop in 1712 where he edited and published the Pennsylvania Gazette - published Poor Richard's Almanack - founded a public library - started a fire company - helped create UPenn - organized a debating club which became American Philosophical Society - developed the Franklin stove, lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, glass harmonica - became a Deist who prized science and reason - questioned divinity of Jesus and assumption the Bible was truly the word of God - "enlightened" to him meant developing confidence and capacity to think for oneself and to think than to accept something as the truth | 34 | |
| 11012713545 | Education in the Colonies | - white colonial Americans were among the most literate people in the world - almost 90% of men (more than England) could read - education remained primarily the responsibility of family and church - Puritan emphasis on reading Scripture led to emphasis on literacy - Massachusetts Bay Colony required every town to set up a grammar school - Quakers established private schools - in southern colonies, schools were rare. the wealthy people there sent their children to England for schooling, or hired tutors | 35 | |
| 11012830249 | The Great Awakening | - popularity of Enlightenment rationalism posed a direct threat to traditional religious life in Europe and America - Christianity showed resilience in the face of challenging new ideas - American colonies experienced a widespread revival of spiritual zeal designed to restore the primacy of emotion in the religious realm - between 1700-1750, hundreds of new Christian congregations were founded - most colonies organized religious life on the basis of local parishes - in colonies with official tax-supported religions, people of other faiths could not preach without the permission of the parish | 36 | |
| 11012897061 | Revivalism | - worries about the erosion of religious fervor helped spark a series of emotional revivals - spread up and down the Atlantic coast - every social class, ethnic group, region that participated was swept up in the ecstasy of renewed spiritual passion - revivals divided congregations, towns, families - fueled growth of new denominations (especially in the Baptists and Methodists | 37 | |
| 11012956430 | Johnathan Edwards | a prominent Congregationalist minister in North Hampton. He was also a Philosopher - entered Yale College in 1716 - when arrived in North Hampton, he was shocked by the town's lack of religious conviction - warned that Christians had become dangerously obsessed with making and spending money and that the new ideas associated with the Enlightenment were eroding the importance of religious life - rushed to restore the emotional side of religion - was fiery and charismatic - vivid descriptions of sufferings in hell and delights of heaven helped rekindle spiritual intensity among his congregants - no longer the tavern that drew local crowds but the Minister's house - most famous sermon: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - designed to frighten people into seeking salvation - reminded that hell was real | 38 | |
| 11013037306 | George Whitefield | - most celebrated promoter of the Great Awakening - young English minister - claimed that congregations were lifeless - set out to restore the religious intensity in America - his critics were as fervent as his admirers - urged his listeners to experience a "new birth" (sudden, emotional moment of salvation and conversion) | 39 | |
| 11013094208 | Radical Evangelists | - Edwards and Whitefield inspired many imitators - william tennent: irish-born Presbyterian revivalist - the tennents urged people to renounce their ministers and pursue salvation on their own - Reverend James Davenport: most radical of the revivalists, urged Christians to renounce "rationalist" ministers and pursue their own salvation through a purely emotional conversion experience | 40 | |
| 11013094209 | Women and Revivals | - most controversial element was the emergence of women who defied the biblical injunction against women speaking in religious services - scores of women served as lay exhorters (Sarah Haggar Osborne and Bathsheba Kingsley) - churches remained male bastions of political authority | 41 | |
| 11013098695 | A Changing Religious Landscape | - great awakening made religion intensely personal by creating a deep sense of spiritual guilt and an intense yearning for redemption - undermined many of the established churches by emphasizing that all individuals, regardless of wealth or social status could receive God's grace without the guidance of ministers - "Old Light" conservatives criticized disruptive and democratic revivalism and sparred with "New Light" - provoked emotional outbursts among their listeners and celebrating individual freedom in matters of faith - The Puritan ideal of religious uniformity was shattered - embraced many insights drawn from Enlightenment rationalism arguing that God created laws of nature which people could discover and exploit | 42 | |
| 11013098696 | The Heart vs the Head | - Ministers could no longer control the direction of religious life, as more people took care of their own spirituality and new denominations sprouted - the awakening implanted the evangelical impulse and the emotional appeal of revivalism weakened the status of the old-fashioned clergy and state-supported churches, encouraged people to exercise their own judgment - awakening and enlightenment cut across the mainland colonies and helped bind them together - both emphasized the power and right of individual decision making - revivals weakened the authority of established churches and their ministers - helped nurture a growing commitment to individual freedom and resistance to authority | 43 |
