1914 to Present
- Demographic and environmental changes
- Migrations
- Forced migration due to Peace of Paris
- Turks moved back to Turkey from Southeastern Europe
- Greeks moved back to Greece from Ottoman Empire
- Latin America
- Massive Urbanization
- Immigration w/in and to US – legal and illegal
- Massive immigration
- Limited immigration at times
- US puts quotas on immigrants in 1920s
- Refugees displaced during WWII
- Nazis then communists push West
- Pull factors
- Economic opportunity
- Political repression
- Local violence – (often caused by Cold War policies)
- Breakup of empires
- Former colonial subjects migrated
- Guest workers to Europe from middle east – 15 million
- Collapse of communism led to massive migration from Eastern Europe
- Benefits
- Much-needed labor force
- Enriches diversity of nation
- Negatives
- Stirs up xenophobia – nativist movements
- Especially when economy is tight
- Stirs up xenophobia – nativist movements
- War years
- WWI - Death of 10 million Europeans – generation of men
- European women remain unmarried
- Lowered European birth rate
- Lowered population growth for future generations
- Bombings/troop movements destroyed cities, industry, agriculture
- WWII – killed another 35 million
- boundary changes – hundreds of thousands of refugees
- WWI - Death of 10 million Europeans – generation of men
- Postwar population changes
- Labor shortages – Western Europe seeks workers from outside
- “guest workers” came from W. Indies, N. Africa, Turkey, Pakistan
- Low wages, discrimination
- Labor not needed later
- US opens door to L. America/Asian immigrants
- “guest workers” came from W. Indies, N. Africa, Turkey, Pakistan
- Soviet Union – Muslim population growth threatened Russian culture
- Industrialization severely polluted half rivers, endangered farms
- Responsible for respiratory diseases and infant mortality
- Labor shortages – Western Europe seeks workers from outside
- Migration patterns
- 1980s – South Korea highest population density in the world
- Japan addressed increasing population w/ birth control/abortion
- Latin America – population explosion plus urbanization
- Newcomers live in shanty towns outside urban areas
- Sometimes settlements incorporated into city
- Migration huge seeking employment
- Migration to US to escape political oppression and warfare
- Divisions of countries
- Partition of Pakistan and India – hundreds of thousands displaced
- Arab-Israeli War – 1948 – hundreds of thousands Palestinians
- Africa and Balkans warfare/boundary changes = refugees
- Migration from South Asia/Arab to oil-producing nations
- Population growth
- Religious/cultural forbidding birth control
- Eradicate disease
- Improve sanitation
- Better diets
- Forced migration due to Peace of Paris
- Changes in birthrates
- Population Growth
- 1900 – 1.6 billion to 2000 – 6 billion
- Developed world – population growth tended to decline
- Developing world – population explosion
- However, overconsumption of food/energy/waste/pollution still comes from developed world
- 1900 – 1.6 billion to 2000 – 6 billion
- Population Growth
- Changes in death rates
- New forms of urbanization
- Latin America
- urbanized peasants fail to have access to industry
- Latin America
- Threats to the environment
- Deforestation
- Issue between developed and developing nations
- Developing say they need resources to spur economy
- Environmentalists want to save for all people – Amazon
- But…hypocritical because global warming/acid rain from developed nation
- Issue between developed and developing nations
- Global warming
- Acid rain
- Warfare
- US chemical warfare in South Vietnam
- Saddam Hussein – spilled oil into Persian Gulf, oil fields on fire
- Deforestation
- Green/environmental movements
- Social activism and the rise of nongovernmental organizations – NGOs
- Demonstrations, protests, strikes
- Social movements, student groups lobbied and protested
- Most famous – 1960s
- Protested Vietnam War, Civil Rights in the US
- Temporary reform in Czechoslovakia
- Loosening PRI’s control of Mexico
- Key role in peace movements, anti-nuclear arms movements
- Women’s liberation, environmental
- Environmentalism/conservatism always around
- Post-World War II gained prominence
- Pollution and industrialization threat to ecological well-being
- Literature – Silent Spring – 1962 – dangers of pesticides – DDT
- Earth Day popularized movement
- NGOs – Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund – famous/influential
- “Green Parties” – have more political power in Europe
- Post-World War II gained prominence
- Green Revolution
- Increased crop yields – high-yield, disease resistant crops
- Also fertilizers, pesticides, efficient irrigation
- Controversy – use of pesticides/fertilizer that cause cancer
- Only available to wealthy landowners
- Reactions to environmental/population issues
- Egypt – Presiden Nasser – Aswan Dam
- More farmland, but – blindness, salt in soil, lose Nile silt
- China – policies to limit family size
- One child per family
- But infanticide, abortion, sterilization
- Family members hide children in rulral areas
- Identified chemicals that cause ozone depletion
- Anti-pollution devices in cars, planes, industrial smokestacks
- Egypt – Presiden Nasser – Aswan Dam
- Increased crop yields – high-yield, disease resistant crops
- Social activism and the rise of nongovernmental organizations – NGOs
- Terrorism
- Since WWI – Gabrio Princip – political desires sought through terrorism
- Palestinian Liberation Organization
- Irish Republican Army
- Red Brigades
- anti-Israelis – Hamas and Hezbollah
- Osama bin Laden takes it to an all new level
- Since WWI – Gabrio Princip – political desires sought through terrorism
- Migrations