10. Native American Treatment

I.    17th and 18th Century - disease
    A. New England – lived separate – Squanto interpret saved > Thanksgiving
        1. King Phillip > relative Squanto’s tribe > unites New England
        2. Pennsylvania/William Penn & Rhode Island/Roger Williams buy land
        3. 1704 Deerfield Massacre – raid/tomahawk/kidnap
        4. Albany Plan of Union – Franklin – union 1754 w/ Iroquois against other tribes
    B. Virginia – “starving time” > stealing > Indian Raids
    C. Spanish – encomienda – slavery, missions - California
    D. French – worked with – fur trappers
    E. French and Indian War – 1757-1763 – Proclamation Line of 1763 – no west of Appalach.

II.    19th Century
    A. War of 1812 – 1795-1809 48 million acres sold to gov’t
        1. Battle of Tippecanoe – Tecumseh – united – treaties others Indians – defeated
            a. British helped > Native Americans warpath > kill settlers > war begins
    B. Andrew Jackson – move > west Mississippi
        1. 94 Treaties – some peaceably, some fought
        2. Seminoles – Florida swamps – Chief Osceola – 1830s
        3. Cherokees – Americanized – Georgia
            1. Clothes, farms, factories, schools – Sequoya – alphabet
            2. Worcester v. Georgia – Marshall saved lands
            3. Jackson “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
                a. Trail of Tears – 1838 – 15,000 – 1500 died
    C. 1850-1900 – 420,000 > 250,000 left
    D. Indian Wars – 1850 > 1890 – buffalo basis of life, slaughtered by whites
        1. White settlers move onto lands, forts to protect travel
        2. 1868-1869 – gather onto big reservations – forced out of wilderness
            a. Many resisted – “Wild West” – Custer’s Last Stand – Sioux – Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse Chief Joseph “From where the sun now stands I will fight                 no more, forever.”
        3. Wounded Knee – kids, women slaughtered – signaled the end

III.    20th Century – by 1990 – 2 mill.  #s up – but worst health, income, unemployment, suicide
    A. Snyder Act – 1924 – citizenship
    B. FDR – Indian New Deal – no sell lands, rebuild culture
    C. WWII – 25,000 soldiers – Windtalkers – code
    D. Eisenhower – termination – no fed. Involvement > but states don’t help
        1. “relocation” – urbanization > 45% urban by 1970 > but displaced, Indian ghettos
    E. Lyndon Johnson – “The Forgotten American” - $510 mil. – Indian aid programs
    F. Richard Nixon – Indians run reservations, positions in Bureau of Indian Affairs
    G. Education – 1970s/1980s – bilingual – good>pride – bad> compete jobs
        1. Education peaked 1970s then declined
        2. study tribal history, culture & language also
    H. Indian Power –AIM – American Indian Movement  
        1. violence – occupy buildings – want $/recognition for treaties– 1969>1971 – Alcatraz
    I. State courts – return land – 1970s-1980s
        1. 1850-1900 – 420,000 > 250,000
    J. Multibillion $ gambling industry – 1990s
    K. Stages: 1) Part of wilderness to be cleared, 2) “wards” of the state, taken care of – reservations, 3) relocated to cities, 4) given autonomy over             reservations